tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19753843124786949682024-02-20T17:41:47.865+09:00atoll projectDaisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comBlogger69125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-65575052267623824902020-06-08T15:00:00.003+09:002020-07-07T17:06:32.878+09:00libraが乗り越えるべき障害について情報法制学会通信政策セミナー報告書 「21Lessonsから考えるネット社会問題」が情報法制学会誌の<a href="https://alis.or.jp/journal/#a">情報法制研究</a> 第7号に掲載されました。同報告書の第3節 libraが乗り越えるべき障害について執筆を担当しています。本稿が掲載された情報法制研究第7号の紙媒体版は<a href="http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/writers/recent/963063">有斐閣</a>より購入いただけます。また、PDF版は<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/alis/7/0/_contents/-char/ja">電子ジャーナルJ-Stageに掲載</a>(2020年6月時点においては閲覧には購読者番号要)されております。機会があればご一読ください。<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hKgHh03efZE/XwQszjUUBXI/AAAAAAAACYA/gAKJoG6QJiIDJ6LnWIsrwp3KFWKUaPqAgCK4BGAsYHg/s4032/IMG_2623.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hKgHh03efZE/XwQszjUUBXI/AAAAAAAACYA/gAKJoG6QJiIDJ6LnWIsrwp3KFWKUaPqAgCK4BGAsYHg/s320/IMG_2623.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-60803169289563529352019-05-30T12:00:00.002+09:002020-07-07T16:44:31.788+09:00Netflixの可能性情報法制学会通信政策セミナー報告書「GAFAビジネスの分析」(2)が情報法制学会誌の<a href="https://alis.or.jp/journal/#a">情報法制研究</a> 第5号に掲載されました。同報告書の第2節 Netflixの可能性の執筆を担当しています。本稿が掲載された情報法制研究第5号の紙媒体版は<a href="http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/writers/recent/963063">有斐閣</a>より購入いただけます。また、PDF版は<a href="http://alis.or.jp/journal.html#spb-bookmark-1">情報法制研究</a>にてダウンロード可能とのことです。機会があればご一読ください。<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NVpSnziTs2g/XwQnwutBs8I/AAAAAAAACXE/NTIUtcpadtY89K8egrdIjXb4jnXKnCDZwCK4BGAsYHg/s4032/IMG_2622.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NVpSnziTs2g/XwQnwutBs8I/AAAAAAAACXE/NTIUtcpadtY89K8egrdIjXb4jnXKnCDZwCK4BGAsYHg/s320/IMG_2622.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-75657336623298301652018-11-21T10:31:00.000+09:002018-11-21T10:51:22.879+09:00Facebookのビジネス情報法制学会通信政策セミナー報告書「GAFAビジネスの分析」(1)が情報法制学会誌の<a href="http://alis.or.jp/journal.html#spb-bookmark-1">情報法制研究</a> 第4号に掲載されました。同報告書の第三節 Facebookのビジネスの執筆を担当しています。本稿が掲載された情報法制研究第4号の紙媒体版は<a href="http://www.yuhikaku.co.jp/writers/recent/963063">有斐閣</a>より購入いただけます。(2018/11/21時点では準備中とのこと)また、PDF版は<a href="http://alis.or.jp/journal.html#spb-bookmark-1">情報法制研究</a>にて後日ダウンロード可能になるとのことです。機会があればご一読ください。<br />
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-76655134614444021212018-07-17T17:06:00.001+09:002018-11-21T10:40:15.942+09:00総務省 AIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018が発表されました。<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">第一報</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">多くの方々にご賛同いただきパブリックコメント提出いたしました<a href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01iicp01_02000072.html">総務省 AIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018の正式版</a>が公表されました。</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">取り急ぎ、報告書案と正式版の報告書の差分をチェックしました。変更点(確認したのはテキスト、画像、ヘッダー・フッター)は合計1168箇所、置換494件、挿入251件、削除241件となっていました。注釈番号ベースで注釈が20件増加しています。<a href="https://t.co/0OaMuDbnC3">比較ファイルはこちら</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">に置いておきます。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;">報告書2018(案)に関する意見募集に寄せられた主な意見に対する考え方に対する評価等はこれから作業して完了し次第、追記にて報告させていただきます。</span></span><br />
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-35605060984836301722018-06-26T17:50:00.001+09:002018-11-21T10:40:00.309+09:00総務省情報通信政策研究によるAIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018(案)に関する意見募集に対する意見提出完了報告<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "hiragino kaku gothic pro", meiryo, "ms pgothic", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
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この度はパブリックコメント案への賛同者募集にご応募いただきまことにありがとうございました。</div>
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顕名でのご賛同をいただきました27名の皆様ならびに非公開でご賛同くださった多くの皆様に共同執筆者一同、改めて深い感謝の意を捧げます。本当にありがとうございました。</div>
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掲題のとおり、無事に本件意見提出が完了しましたことをご報告させていただきます。皆様ご承知の通りこうしたパブリックコメントによって意見募集されてもほとんどの場合、記載内容が修正されることはありませんが一縷の望みをかけ、本意見提出を受けて報告書案が修正されることを願ってやみません。また、本意見提出が今後のAI規制検討にあたって一石を投じるものとして少しでも社会の役に立つよう願っております。</div>
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今後、意見提出を受けてパブリックコメントに対する回答と確定版報告書の公開があります。共同執筆者一同、確定版並びにパブリックコメントに対する回答をしっかりと確認し、再度経過を報告させていただきます。</div>
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皆様のご多幸を祈念しつつ取り急ぎ提出のご報告とさせていただきます。</div>
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なお、当面の間(確定版報告書公開時期までを想定)皆様にご応募いただきました<a href="https://docs.google.com/%E2%80%A6/1FAIpQLSdmUEKwuSDutT8cmX%E2%80%A6/viewform">賛同者募集フォーム</a>は公開設定のままといたします。</div>
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あらためて以下に顕名でのご賛同をいただきました各位のお名前を掲載させていただきます。</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 リサーチスタッフメンバー 緒方 一則 様 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">フリーランス Webフロントエンドエンジニア 酒井佑弥 様 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 技術理事 陳建和 様 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">所属・役職非公開 小川 博久 様 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">※ 掲載順序は署名順です。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "meiryo" , "ms pgothic" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">皆様誠にありがとうございました。</span></span></div>
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情報法制学会情報通信政策セミナー有志<br />
共同代表:atoll Project アーキテクト川田大輔<br />
共同代表:新潟大学法学部教授 田中 幸弘<br />
共同代表:日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 技術理事 山下 克司</div>
</div>
Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-40267439856059522632018-06-24T01:39:00.002+09:002018-11-21T10:39:31.894+09:00総務省情報通信政策研究によるAIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018(案)に関する意見募集に対する意見提出<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tho9h3YJh6w/Wy554U-0b7I/AAAAAAAACGw/m1jf_duaEeASrDY_D4_6YK5k41aUEV_NACLcBGAs/s1600/%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E6%259C%25AA%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E5%25AE%259A%2B1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="1118" height="336" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tho9h3YJh6w/Wy554U-0b7I/AAAAAAAACGw/m1jf_duaEeASrDY_D4_6YK5k41aUEV_NACLcBGAs/s640/%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E6%259C%25AA%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E5%25AE%259A%2B1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
atoll projectは総務省情報通信政策研究によるAIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018(案)に関する<a href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01iicp01_02000071.html">意見募集</a>に対して、「AI」に対する誤解と無知に由来する忌避が社会に広がることを危惧し、健全な「AI」観の普及を目指し、適切な定義とリスク認識のもと産業政策・競争政策上も安定した規制(保護)体系が形成されることを願い、<br />
<ol>
<li>本分野での予見可能性が低い場当たり的なソフトロー規制の導入は「AI」に対する投資意欲を減退させ技術開発意欲を減退させるため反対します。</li>
<li>本文やを規制するのであれば適正な条件を設定し産業政策として合理的なハードロー規制を導入するべきと考えます。</li>
<li>「AI」に対するハードロー規制の導入にあたっては他分野における既存の規制体系や保護体系が実現している社会的均衡と整合性ある規制設計が必要と考えます。</li>
<li>「AI」に関連する定義のあいまいさを放置すると適正な規制体系の整備が困難となるため、定義を最低限、現時点における研究開発動向を踏まえた精度に精密化するべきです。</li>
<li>リスク検討にあたって設定されている空想的ユースケースを現実を踏まえたユースケースに置き換えるべきです。</li>
</ol>
以上5点の基本方針に基づいて志を同じくする情報法制学会情報通信政策セミナー有志と共同で意見提出します。<br />
<br />
総務省指定の意見募集書式に従い、報告書案本体の記述のうち基本方針に照らして修正または削除が必要と考えられる箇所すべてに対して個別に意見執筆したところ提出する意見は58項目となりました。<br />
<br />
共同執筆者合意のもと提出する意見要旨は以下の通りとなります。<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
情報法制学会情報通信政策セミナー有志は総務省情報通信政策研究によるAIネットワーク社会推進会議報告書2018(案)に関する<a href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01iicp01_02000071.html">意見募集</a>に以下の通り意見提出します。<br />
意見要旨<br />
ガイドラインを作成するのは結構ですが、<br />
①産業界の各領域・各階層で<br />
②ガイドラインにおけるいわゆる「AI」を「実装していることになる」<br />
③先行者たちの創意・工夫により<br />
④机上の議論ばかりではなく、<br />
⑤すでに実務的にも経済的にも現に存在している具体的な製品・システム・企画等について、<br />
⑥さらに将来的に継続的に<br />
⑦さらなる開発・実装・検討・メンテナンスが、営為遂行されることになるという<br />
机上の議論だけでは様々な問題が解決されえないクリエイティブな発想と実務的な技術や知能の集積と統合が何よりも必要な実際経済における営みに対する影響への配慮が必須であると思われます。<br />
そのためには非規制的かつ非拘束的な曖昧な原則や謂れのない恐れではなく、技術的に明らかな社会全体における不利益を特定した上で確実に罰則規定のある規制・法令の制定が望ましいと考えます。<br />
本報告書案が提示する様々なリスク想定の多くは誤ったスコープ設定のもとに記述されており、各種定義はあいまいすぎてAI開発及び利活用の発展をかえって阻害する虞があります。<br />
そこで、私たち共同執筆者は以下の通り本報告書案への<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1wmUyStw_wMpru5UgPWak2Ll0vUck3vav">パブリックコメント案</a>(注1)を起案しました。私たち共同執筆者は本パブリックコメント案にご賛同いただける賛同者を広く募集します。パブリックコメント案をご一読いただき、ご賛同いただける場合は以下の回答欄にご記入ください。<br />
なお、本パブリックコメント案に記載した意見は<a href="https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/">CC0ライセンス</a>で公開します。本パブリックコメント案全体への賛同はできないが部分的には賛同いたただける場合は本パブリックコメント案の意見個々について自由にご自分の意見に組み込んでパブリックコメント提出いただけます。 </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
共同執筆者</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
atoll Project アーキテクト川田大輔<br />
新潟大学法学部教授 田中 幸弘<br />
日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 技術理事 山下 克司</blockquote>
提出する意見の全文は<a href="https://goo.gl/forms/e4YjonXH9gD2r4rj1">こちらにご用意しました賛同署名フォーム</a>からダウンロートいただけます。意見を同じくする方の賛同署名も同時に募集しておりますのでぜひご一読いただき、賛同署名にご協力いただければ幸いです。<br />
<br />
賛同募集から14時間経過しました。さっそく錚々たる方々から賛同の署名をいただき恐縮しております。以下更新情報となります。<br />
<br />
以下、更新情報 2018/06/24/16:15 付<br />
<br />
注1 : パブリックコメント案ファイルの一部に文字化けが存在するとのご指摘をいただき文字化けを修正したファイルに差し替えました。内容に変更はありません。あわせて文書修飾を実施しました。<br />
<br />
氏名公開にご同意いただきました賛同者のお名前を以下に掲載させていただきます。<br />
ご賛同ありがとうございます。<br />
<br />
株式会社ラック 理事 長谷川 長一 様<br />
アエリアル・イノベーション 最高経営責任者 小池良次 様<br />
さくらインターネット株式会社 取締役 伊勢 幸一 様<br />
日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 Executive IT Specialist 法橋 和昌 様<br />
ネットコマース株式会社 代表取締役 斎藤昌義 様<br />
中央大学総合政策学部 准教授 中村周史 様<br />
帝京大学 研究員 小川道夫 様<br />
日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 執行役員 テクニカルリーダーシップ兼デジタルイノベーション推進担当 小池裕幸 様<br />
OSSラボ株式会社 代表取締役 船井覚 様<br />
日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社 上席ITスペシャリスト 岡田経明 様<br />
中央大学理工学部 准教授 酒折文武 様<br />
<br />
※ 掲載順序は順不同です。<br />
<br />
氏名非公開を希望される賛同者からのエンドースメントをいただいておりますので深い感謝とともにご紹介させていただきます。<br />
<br />
錚々たるAIネットワーク社会推進会議及び分科会構成員の方々であるにもかかわらず、抽象度が高く、汎用的な解釈ができるままの表現が踊る報告書に危機感を感じ得ませんでした。<br />
その本報告書の子細に至るまでのレビューと現時点で不明確な内容に対する的確な指摘と改善要望コメントに対して、共同執筆のお三方への敬意を表したいです。<br />
会社というよりは株主への配慮から、大変申し訳ありませんが、氏名は非公開とさせて頂きたいのですが、必要であればお三方主催の会議やフォローアップのカンファレンスには都合着く限り出席します。<br />
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Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-32276315850323627812018-02-19T09:00:00.000+09:002018-11-21T10:38:52.681+09:00情報法制学会 通信政策セミナー The Fourで問う、デジタル複合寡占を生き抜く方法ニューヨーク大学スターン校の<a href="http://www.stern.nyu.edu/faculty/bio/scott-galloway">スコット・ギャロウェイ教授</a>が2017年10月2日に上梓した未邦訳の The Four:The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google が、早くも<a href="http://alis.or.jp/index.html">情報法制学会</a>通信政策セミナーで取り上げられます。本日から<a href="https://connpass.com/event/79770/">聴講受付開始</a>です。<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IjPSbI3-gBA/WoqmUndP1EI/AAAAAAAACEQ/8sJYo5OTtEYNzey7xy7j1Umocmf6TYW7QCLcBGAs/s1600/The%2BFour%2B%25E4%25BC%259A%25E5%25A0%25B4%25E5%25BE%2585%25E5%2590%2588%25E6%2599%2582%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2582%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IjPSbI3-gBA/WoqmUndP1EI/AAAAAAAACEQ/8sJYo5OTtEYNzey7xy7j1Umocmf6TYW7QCLcBGAs/s640/The%2BFour%2B%25E4%25BC%259A%25E5%25A0%25B4%25E5%25BE%2585%25E5%2590%2588%25E6%2599%2582%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2582%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<a href="http://www.thefourbook.com/">The Four:The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google</a> はUSA TODAY BEST-SELLING BOOKSやThe New York Times Best Sellersに選ばれ、MIT Technoligy Reviewの<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609624/best-tech-books-of-2017/?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_content=2017-12-23&utm_campaign=Technology+Review">Best Tech Books of 2017</a>で2017年を代表する9冊のひとつにも選出された注目のビジネス書です。<br />
<br />
今日、あらゆることをGoogleで検索し、Appleの高価なガジェットを愛で、Facebookに思いを書き留め、Amazonで書籍から日用品に至るまで手配することが当たり前になっています。GAFAとも呼ばれるこれらITの巨人達が国家の枠組みを超え、パーソナルデータを吸い上げ、インターネットに接続した人々を支配している世界に私たちは住んでいるとも言えます。しかし、The Fourの各社がどのようにしてこうしたサービスを実現しているのか、こうしたサービスを私たちが好むことによって社会がどのように変化していくのか、多くの場合、私たちは無自覚です。<br />
<br />
ギャロウェイ教授はマーケティングの立場からThe FourでこれらITの巨人達の戦略を解き明かそうと意欲的に取り組まれています。<br />
<br />
本セミナーではまず第一部でThe Fourが取り上げたITの巨人各社を技術の立場から書籍では触れられていないシステムアーキテクチャのレベルから解説し、その途方もないスケール感に迫ります。さらに第二部では巨大なThe Fourが支配する世界に5番目の支配者が加わることはあるのか、加わるとしたら、それはどこから現れるのか、複合寡占が進行する市場で生き抜くために今取り組むべきことは何か、について、法律、金融、メディア、技術の各分野の第一人者が迫ります。<br />
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-45159553837110166992017-09-29T05:00:00.001+09:002017-09-29T05:20:58.863+09:00沈黙のGoogleと過熱するメディア、2017年8月世界的ネットワーク障害の全貌をまとめた<div style="text-align: justify;">
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2f210f8c-22c7-4ad2-b706-6478d403d152" id="db0b8ba4-03e3-4b10-b3d6-c3acdeddbfd1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4e3ec7f1-f510-4a95-aab4-3249afc84363" id="a65ef673-7c11-44a6-a6ff-17b2ed956daf"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;">IT Media社TechTargetにて寄稿記事<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="6fdf4ba4-97f0-4060-b566-23e3c5dcdca4">、</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="a54c16c1-c580-43d0-943a-f23fea1147c9">「</gs><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html">沈黙のGoogleと過熱するメディア<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="36c4fec6-9424-40be-9007-69706c32d642">、</gs></a></span><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html">2017年8月世界的ネットワーク障害の全貌をまとめた</a>」が公開</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">されました</span></span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="b2f40076-8715-497c-9c7d-5c4ae7fbccad"></gs><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></gs><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; 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color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; 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vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></gs><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; 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color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; 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vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="71b0f30e-4e97-4604-b45c-0e82fa18ee33"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2f210f8c-22c7-4ad2-b706-6478d403d152" id="3bb322b0-ad03-4df1-a551-c0533d2208e0"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4e3ec7f1-f510-4a95-aab4-3249afc84363" id="5e8c5f8f-fa6b-4901-8e16-e8aeaaae5481"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="e375e2f7-862d-45d8-a68c-5d13115d04fb">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TechTargetに会員登録いただきますと記事</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">完全版</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">がご覧いただけます<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2f210f8c-22c7-4ad2-b706-6478d403d152" id="692a6ad9-1daa-42f3-8a11-aaaa91e16529"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4e3ec7f1-f510-4a95-aab4-3249afc84363" id="ca3761f2-4df2-4428-a249-9fa0cba4c315"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0d7b2905-87cb-4927-a5fa-0e14b056f98c" id="823f5288-2100-4115-875b-edf7fd09b294">。</gs></gs></gs></span></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">また、寄稿記事では触れることのできなかった点については「<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html">沈黙のGoogleと過熱するメディア:注釈と補遺</a>」としてまとめておいた。併せててご覧ただければ幸いです。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">以下、本文より抜粋</span><br />
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">本稿では2017年8月25日に、NTTコミュニケーションズのインターネット接続サービス「OCN」(AS4713)を含む複数のAS(自律システム:単一ポリシーで制御されるネットワークの集合)で発生した通信障害について、一連の騒動を振り返り考察する。本件は日本時間2017年8月25日12時38分、オランダのSerinus42が運営するインターネットサービスの障害検出サービス「Down Detector」(ダウンディテクター)が表示した、OCNの障害発生マップのスクリーンショットが「Twitter」に流れたことで発覚した。まずは何が起こったかを時系列で整理する。</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hxrlkR1M3tk/Wcyb6WNo8cI/AAAAAAAACBw/A3yPiAfFCpAgMOU9TGGFuVCx0MvYBhsEgCLcBGAs/s1600/BGP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hxrlkR1M3tk/Wcyb6WNo8cI/AAAAAAAACBw/A3yPiAfFCpAgMOU9TGGFuVCx0MvYBhsEgCLcBGAs/s640/BGP.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-71694507366184461252017-09-29T05:00:00.000+09:002017-09-29T12:25:34.085+09:00沈黙のGoogleと過熱するメディア:注釈と補遺<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">IT </span><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 19.6px;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; 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font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="30ab0888-51fc-48e4-b106-83f056972f29" id="fe74a309-9bda-4893-845a-8bd28d6e5596"><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a name="Top"></a>Media社TechTarget寄稿記事<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8af7cf01-05d8-4c75-9690-ecd1417050fa" id="4f6d2fa2-99c9-4949-b101-6fba5b72079d">「</gs></span></span><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html" style="font-family: roboto, sans-serif; text-align: justify;" target="_blank">沈黙のGoogleと過熱するメディア</a></gs><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html" style="font-family: roboto, sans-serif; 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border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html"></a></span></span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="30ab0888-51fc-48e4-b106-83f056972f29" id="2f50fc00-b14b-4ff8-9b30-98b93727db38"><span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1709/30/news01.html">2017年8月世界的ネットワーク障害の全貌をまとめた</a>」の記事本文で言及した</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">用語などについての注釈と補遺です</span></gs><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span></gs><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span></gs><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span></gs><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; 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color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8af7cf01-05d8-4c75-9690-ecd1417050fa" id="51111004-a764-4445-a1d0-98033103543f"></gs><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8af7cf01-05d8-4c75-9690-ecd1417050fa" id="2b88c1ee-970d-412b-8abc-c2477d623650"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b846266e-8f6a-4326-a0cc-798520e25e6a" id="02374b95-6f28-4d33-aa3c-e3eba90b4e09"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b86877fd-24a0-43b0-8e75-fc0e1cd8d147" id="779a7f4c-9ed6-4dcf-9d36-d8d8e1cb719a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="791e4c43-44d4-493b-bb07-e97105ad99de" id="199f055b-612f-4efd-a7b0-e67d4dd7a8be"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bdd8ac1b-d32b-450c-ae16-3cb906247ada" id="ede1f9c5-953b-4439-8086-62b80493b4d9"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0fad3016-ea71-4b27-8ddc-484bd7cf7948" id="26c3c1cf-d85f-440c-a658-fdb07ae5bb45"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7c90729a-c05c-4ac1-a6b4-4fb2bac9c4fa" id="5814b278-a06d-41e8-8dc1-568beaf4df49"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dc5ffd6d-2f6b-481e-8242-0ff840b100ba" id="9807dc94-5e2b-4f3f-8cbd-b6bfebde7f6c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="30ab0888-51fc-48e4-b106-83f056972f29" id="3810ed91-ebb3-4fff-a0c7-ecd372c29ede">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></span></span><span style="font-size: Normall;">採録内容は以下の通りです<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="791e4c43-44d4-493b-bb07-e97105ad99de" id="32def28d-a2a6-4cdc-9b9c-29b6385b0e63"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bdd8ac1b-d32b-450c-ae16-3cb906247ada" id="6640e7ba-1de0-4084-964b-59b2fe7df024"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0fad3016-ea71-4b27-8ddc-484bd7cf7948" id="1b0baad5-638b-45de-85a7-98bdf61a2191"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7c90729a-c05c-4ac1-a6b4-4fb2bac9c4fa" id="e97e58fa-910c-4bb7-bac6-105c2b739bbf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dc5ffd6d-2f6b-481e-8242-0ff840b100ba" id="c4058b82-e015-4005-8333-a18e39ab8262"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="30ab0888-51fc-48e4-b106-83f056972f29" id="6b3dc2c0-2d1a-4626-a462-83f0025f5ef2">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#ダウンディテクター">ダウンディテクター</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#注意バイアス">注意バイアス</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#通信事業者">通信事業者による障害報告</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#約款">約款においては免責条件が定められている</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#判例">インフラ障害による損害賠償請求に関する判例</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#障害対応">障害対応プロトコル</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#広報部"><span lang="EN-US">Google</span>広報部の回答</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#30h">発生から<span lang="EN-US">30</span>時間経過</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#BGPMON">カナダの<span lang="EN-US">BGPMON</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#フィルタ"><span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>フィルタ設定は万能ではない</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#グラフ">完全グラフとランダムグラフを含むグラフの分類</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#おさらい"><span lang="EN-US">“</span>インター<span lang="EN-US">”</span>ネットについてのおさらい</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#力学">ピアリングの力学</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#カスタマーコーン">カスタマーコーンとネットワーク外部性</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#google網">膨大なトラヒックを生成する<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>の網構成</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#推定"><span lang="EN-US">Goo<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f73de660-9b7b-4f62-bfc9-96af1992d62b" id="4f0a2156-752e-48b9-8629-f4952953b38b">g</gs>le</span>の網構造を踏まえた障害原因の推定</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#残件">今回障害における残件</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#補遺">全体についての補遺:より広範な検証と検討が必要</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="ダウンディテクター"></a><b>ダウンディテクター</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">ダウンディテクターはオランダの<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://serinus42.com/">Serinus42</a></span>が運営するネットサービスの障害検出サービス。日本では<span lang="EN-US">75</span>のサービス障害についてフォローしている、筆者も時々チェックしているサイトだ。ダウンディテクターは、障害が起きていると感じたユーザーが当該サービスに障害ありとダウンディテクターに報告し、その報告時点におけるサービス毎の障害判定閾値を越えるとダウンディテクターによって障害と判定されるモデルで提供されている。ダウンディテクターの障害報告入力欄には報告対象サービス毎にカスタマイズされた障害種別の選択肢が用意されており、構造化され統計モデル化された口コミモデルとでも呼ぶべき仕組みとなっている。あくまで報告するユーザーの主観に基づくレポートである点に留意したい。ことにこの日のように昼過ぎからサービス障害が多発し各種報道でも繰り返しネット障害に言及されているような状況だと、不安や脅威となる要素に注意を向けやすくなる認知バイアスである注意バイアスが働いてささいな事でも障害と誤認するケースが増えても不思議はない。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#Top">戻る</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="注意バイアス"></a><b>注意バイアス</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~kahneman/docs/Publications/prospect_theory.pdf">プロスペクト理論</a>で有名なダニエル・カーネマンとエイモス・トベルスキーによる定義に基づくと、人が複雑な問題解決等のために何らかの意思決定を行う際、暗黙のうちに用いている簡便な解法や法則をヒューリスティックといい、ヒューリスティックは経験則と同義で扱われる。ヒューリスティックは判断に至る時間は早いが正しさは保証されない。起こり得るすべての結果という集合を仮定すると個々人の経験はその一部分でしかなく、または経験範囲は偏りを持つのが普通だ。偏った経験から導出された経験則に基づく判断結果には常に一定の偏りが含まれる。個々人の経験則<span lang="EN-US">=</span>ヒューリスティックに含まれる認識上の偏りを認知バイアスと呼ぶ。注意バイアスとは認知バイアスの一種で不安を感じている者が脅威情報に選択的に注意を向ける現象をいう。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#Top">戻る</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="通信事業者"></a><b>通信事業者による障害報告</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">KDDI</span>は<span lang="EN-US">12</span>時<span lang="EN-US">39</span>分に自社設備に異常はなかったと<a href="https://topics.smt.docomo.ne.jp/article/internetcom/trend/internetcom-203246">当初説明</a>したものの最終的には<span lang="EN-US">12</span>時<span lang="EN-US">24</span>分発生、<span lang="EN-US">16</span>時<span lang="EN-US">47</span>分復旧と<a href="http://www.notice.kddi.com/news/mainte/content/syougai/jyouji_00021279.html">報告しなおし</a>ている。<span lang="EN-US">NTT Communications</span>は<span lang="EN-US">12</span>時<span lang="EN-US">45</span>分に障害復旧報告を<a href="https://support.ntt.com/supportTopInfo/detail/pid2500000g6q">公表</a>、遅れて、さくらインターネットが<span lang="EN-US">17</span>時<span lang="EN-US">25</span>分に<a href="http://support.sakura.ad.jp/mainte/mainteentry.php?id=22532">復旧報告</a>している。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">復旧報告の中では<span lang="EN-US">KDDI</span>、<span lang="EN-US">NTT Communications</span>、さくらインターネットともに「海外の経路不安定事象」、「自社設備に異常なかった」「複数の上位回線キャリアにて障害」と障害原因となった接続先事業者名について<a href="http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/news/17/082502136/?rt=nocnt">明言を避け</a>ていた。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">一方、障害発生から一時間半ほど経過した<span lang="EN-US">13</span>時<span lang="EN-US">43</span>分頃から<a href="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1708/25/news077.html"><span lang="EN-US">IT</span>専門媒体</a>、<a href="https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170825/k00/00e/040/278000c">一般紙</a>を含め報道機関が相次いで大規模な接続障害発生を報じ始めたが、この段階では個々のサービスの障害を結び付けた記事は見当たらなかった。この段階で、いまだ、あらゆる可能性を排除できない状況は変わらないものの障害長期化自体は避けられる可能性が見えた。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#Top">戻る</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">確認が取れないので報道が事実かどうかはさておき<span lang="EN-US">JR</span>東日本のモバイル<span lang="EN-US">Suica</span>障害が<span lang="EN-US">17</span>時までに<a href="http://www.jreast.co.jp/card/caution/notice170825.html/">復旧</a>と報じられた際に記事で「<a href="http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/news/17/082502142/?rt=nocnt"><span lang="EN-US">KDDI</span>で発生した全国的なネット接続障害が原因</a>」と名指しされた、と本文中では表現しているが日経<span lang="EN-US">BP ITPro</span>の記事はタイトルで、</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: Normall;"> <i>”[続報]JR東日本「モバイルSuica」の障害は解消、KDDI回線が原因”</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">と断定し、本文では、</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><i> “同社はKDDIの企業向けネット接続サービスを利用。KDDIで発生した全国的な</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><i> ネット接続障害が</i></span><i>原因だと見ている。”</i><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">と続けているが東日本旅客鉄道の誰がコメントしているのかは明らかにしていない。筆者個人の感想としては、どうもこういうあいまいな書き方は好きになれない。同じく本文中では、報道機関を通して社会に漏れ聞こえた、ときれいにまとめておいたが、と、いう構図を作った、という話かもしれない、と穿つのは筆者がひねくれているからか?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="約款"></a><b>約款においては免責条件が定められている</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">たとえば<span lang="EN-US">OCN</span>の<a href="http://www.ntt.com/content/dam/nttcom/hq/jp/about-us/disclosure/tariff/pdf/c120.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">IP</span>通信網サービス約款</a>では第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>章 通信(通信利用の制限等)と第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>章 損害賠償(責任の制限)がそれにあたる。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="判例"></a><b>インフラ障害による損害賠償請求に関する判例</b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">よく引かれる事例だがこうした障害の際に比較される事案を再掲しておこう。<span lang="EN-US">NTT</span>東日本の<a href="https://www.ntt-east.co.jp/release/0609/060925a.html">ひかり電話障害</a>の場合は、複数ゲートウェイスリップ機能において高負荷時に処理遅延が発生し輻輳崩壊が発生し<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年<span lang="EN-US">9</span>月<span lang="EN-US">19</span>日から<span lang="EN-US">21</span>日までの<span lang="EN-US">3</span>日間に渡ってすべてのひかり電話において発着信を制限する事態となった。この時期は<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月末時点で<a href="http://www.ntt-east.co.jp/databook/2006/pdf/2006_04.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">47.1</span>万チャネル</a>だった契約数が翌<span lang="EN-US">2007</span>年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月末時点で<a href="http://www.ntt-east.co.jp/databook/2007/pdf/2007_04.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">170.5</span>万チャネル</a>と一年のうちに<span lang="EN-US">3</span>倍以上増加する急激な普及期だった。このとき<span lang="EN-US">NTT</span>東日本は約款上の義務を超え<span lang="EN-US">3</span>日分の基本料金の請求減額(<span lang="EN-US">50</span>円ほどだ)という対応がとられたがこれは現在に至るまで例外的に良心的な事例と記憶されている。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">より一般的に引用されている事例としては、<span lang="EN-US">1984</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">16</span>日に起きた<a href="http://www.ues.tmu.ac.jp/cus/archives/cn17/pdf/25-02.pdf">世田谷電話局前洞道内での電話通信ケーブル火災</a>によって同局管内の<span lang="EN-US">89,000</span>契約に及ぶ加入電話回線や<span lang="EN-US">DC</span>を設置していた三菱銀行(当時)のオンラインシステム(全国<span lang="EN-US">243</span>支店)が使用不能となり完全復旧まで<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日間を要した例が挙げられる。この事例では被害を受けた利用者が、当時の公衆電気通信法<span lang="EN-US">109</span>条に基づいて<span lang="EN-US">5</span>日以上の通話不能となった日数に応じて日割基本料金の<span lang="EN-US">5</span>倍相当を賠償した電電公社の対応では賠償額が低廉にすぎると営業損失の補填などを求めて裁判で争ったが、東京地裁(平成<span lang="EN-US">1</span>年<span lang="EN-US">4</span>月<span lang="EN-US">13</span>日)東京高裁(平成<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">12</span>日)はいずれもインフラ障害による実質損害賠償請求を不可と判断した。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="障害対応"></a><b>障害対応プロトコル</b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">従来の通信事業者の広報プロトコルからすると障害発生報告(いわゆる第一報)、経過報告(第<span lang="EN-US">n</span>報)、終息報告(最終報)を適切なタイミングで公表(この手順は電気通信事業法施行規則第<span lang="EN-US">58</span>条に定められた<a href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S63/S63F04001000046.html">電気通信事業者の報告義務の一部</a>でもある)し、影響を受けた各方面に対して謝罪し、約款上の賠償義務が発生する場合は賠償の手順について説明し、障害原因のあらまし説明と再発防止を約束する手順を踏めば事態は沈静化するのが通例だ。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="広報部"></a><span lang="EN-US"><b>Google</b></span><b>広報部の回答</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: Normall;">Earlier today, some users were unable to access internet services as a result of a network configuration error. The configuration was fixed within eight minutes and service started returning to normal. Sorry for the inconvenience this caused.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: Normall;">-- A Google Spokesperson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">(対訳)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">昨日、ネットワークの誤設定により、インターネットサービスにアクセスしづらくなる障害が発生しました。<span lang="EN-US">Google </span>では、この誤設定を<span lang="EN-US"> 8 </span>分以内に正しい情報に修正しました。ご不便、ご心配をお掛けしたことをお詫び致します。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">なお、Google</span>広報からTechTarget編集部を通して質問した際に入手した原文では<a href="http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK8V53PVK8VULZU001.html">朝日新聞デジタルの記事</a>で触れられていた「今後再発防止に取り組むという」にあたる記述が見当たらない。朝日新聞デジタルには<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>から別の文面が提供されていたのだろうか?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="30h"></a><b>発生から<span lang="EN-US">30</span>時間経過</b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">筆者は、<a href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S60/S60F04001000025.html">電気通信事業法施行規則</a>第<span lang="EN-US">58</span>条をクソ意地悪く運用すると<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>広報による<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>リークを認めるまでの<span lang="EN-US">30</span>時間をもって障害継続時間とカウントして、利用者から電気通信役務の提供の対価としての料金の支払を受けないインターネット関連サービスに適用される報告を要する重大事故の定義、二十四時間以上で十万以上の利用者、の定義を満たしているとこじつけられないこともないかもしれないとも思う。知己の総務省の中の人の顔を思い浮かべるに彼らはこういう下衆な手は使わないと思うが...。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="BGPMON"></a><b>カナダの</b><span lang="EN-US"><b>BGPMON</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://bgpmon.net/about/">BGPMON</a></span>は世界に数百の観測点をもち<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>ネットワーク監視サービスを提供している。<span lang="EN-US">BGPMON</span>創設者である<span lang="EN-US">Andree Toonk</span>氏は<span lang="EN-US">2015</span>年に<span lang="EN-US">Cisco</span>に買収された<span lang="EN-US">OpenDNS</span>の中の人(<span lang="EN-US">Manager Network Engineering</span>)でもある。ちなみに<span lang="EN-US">BGPMON</span>は<a href="https://bgpmon.net/bgpmon-joins-opendns/"><span lang="EN-US">2015</span>年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月に<span lang="EN-US">OpenDNS</span>に買収</a>され、<span lang="EN-US">OpenDNS</span>は<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月に<a href="https://www.opendns.com/cisco-opendns/"><span lang="EN-US">Cisco</span>に買収</a>されている。なんともダイナミックな話である。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="フィルタ"></a><b><span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>フィルタ設定は万能ではない</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">完全な<span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>フィルタを設定するためにはインターネット全体のある瞬間の全体像とトラヒックの分布をリアルタイムに把握している必要があるが、それぞれの<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>はインターネット全体の現状を把握してはおらず自身の<span lang="EN-US">PoP</span>を介してインターネットの経路情報の一部を観測しているに過ぎない。また、仮にインターネット全体の状態をリアルタイムに観測できていたとしても最適経路を把握し続けるにはアルゴリズムの助けを借りてもなお、選択に費やせる時間と資源量の制約が立ちはだかる。組み合わせ爆発を抑え込むには組み合わせの数を抑え込むしかないのだが、インターネットは成長し続けており<span lang="EN-US">2</span>バイト<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>が枯渇し<span lang="EN-US">4</span>バイト<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>に移行しつつあるのが実態だ。限定合理性に制約されている以上、完全な<span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>フィルタは存在しえないので<span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>フィルタ万能論に飛びつくのは危険だ。<span lang="EN-US">CAIDA</span>の調査を見ればわかるように(すべての<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>イベントの影響が収束した完備な)<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>の接続構造グラフを把握する作業は容易なものではない。なにしろ調査中にどんどん<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が増えていくし<span lang="EN-US">AS Path</span>グラフが変化していく、あらゆる要素がそこかしこで変化し続けるのだ。実務で<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>に触れている方にはインターネット全体でのリアルタイムな<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>コンバージェンスをイメージしていただきたい、収束時間を考慮するといかに無理な話かすぐご理解いただけると思う。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">繰り返しになるが、<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>管理・運用者の手元にあるいわゆる「フルルート」は真に厳密に今現在のフルルートを反映しているわけではない。<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">”</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">インター<span lang="EN-US">”</span>ネットに参加するには個々のネットワーク(<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>)は複数の経路(<span lang="EN-US">Path</span>)を持つことになっている。複数の経路がある場合は経路選択(経路制御)が必要だ。そして<span lang="EN-US">2</span>以上の任意の数のリンクをもつノードが個々独立したポリシーに従って動的に組み合わさっていくとランダムグラフを描くことも思い出していただきたい。BGPネットワークも自律協調分散システムに普遍的にみられるふるまいをしている。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">ちなみに今回の障害では<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>は<span lang="EN-US">Verizon</span>の<a href="http://www.verizonenterprise.com/terms/peering/">ピアリングポリシー</a>が定める<span lang="EN-US">Operational Requirements</span>要件(これは<span lang="EN-US">Verizon</span>側が守るべき条件ではなく<span lang="EN-US">Verizon</span>とピアリングする<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が守るべき条件)に今回の障害は違反しているように見える。(そんなに杓子定規に適用はしないだろうが)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: Normall;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="777d9b85-14ac-47d3-81fe-75d4433fdebe" id="cbb3dea2-57b0-43d1-9fc0-514f816680a0"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c7ee4169-45e1-4deb-b626-28f4843b092a" id="bd2df5ac-92d3-485b-95ee-2fa27d87df2f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5137082f-9cbd-47f1-a14a-a7a4c04f1283" id="728d7faf-e9a3-4b82-91f4-b706544866df">2.</gs></gs></gs>Operational Requirementsの以下のセクションを参照 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span style="font-size: Normall;">2.3 Each Internet Network must set next hop to be itself, the advertising router of the network.</span> Each Internet Network will propagate such routes to its transit customers with its own router as <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a64b7afc-c6a1-48dd-bb3b-39ff91325102" id="d94027f4-aa8b-4680-b69a-8f56739f8831"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d74c190d-1213-4bc0-ab26-3e866e41849d" id="c11eb7c0-f9b4-4147-90f5-2e5477e6295a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d8ffc17f-15ba-4dc0-bb01-965acbcb26d4" id="83595213-fc5e-49a0-93f1-ed18f8b4e916"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1508664e-1455-4318-8a15-8dbcfed41e7f" id="942873a3-07f8-4149-b11c-13a58faeace4">next ho</gs>p</gs></gs></gs>. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;">2.4 Each Internet Network shall implement "shortest exit routing" and advertise routes consistent with that policy, unless both Internet Networks mutually agree otherwise based on special circumstances.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="グラフ"></a><b>完全グラフとランダムグラフを含むグラフの分類</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="おさらい"></a><b><span lang="EN-US">“</span>インター<span lang="EN-US">”</span>ネットについてのおさらい</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">細かい話はしだすときりがないが、ここで大雑把に今回の障害の舞台を整理しておこう。世界に広く普及している<span lang="EN-US">L2</span>(<span lang="EN-US">OSI Layer2</span>)プロトコルである<span lang="EN-US">Ethernet</span>、<span lang="EN-US">L3</span>、<span lang="EN-US">L4</span>プロトコルである<span lang="EN-US">IP</span>と<span lang="EN-US">TCP</span>(<span lang="EN-US">UDP</span>)も含めてそれぞれのフレームフォーマットを見ればわかるように経路制御を行っていない。<span lang="EN-US">L2</span>に<span lang="EN-US">Ethernet</span>を利用している場合は(細かい話は端折ると)木構造<span lang="EN-US">n</span>部グラフ(懐かしの<span lang="EN-US">10base2</span>なら道グラフ)しか作れない。小さな会社や家庭の<span lang="EN-US">LAN</span>はおおむねこの範囲の技術で構成されているのが普通だ。複数の経路を条件に応じて選択可能にするなら<span lang="EN-US">L4</span>で<span lang="EN-US">IGP(Interior Gateway Protocol)</span>を利用する。複数拠点を持ち自前で冗長構成された<span lang="EN-US">WAN</span>を構築しているような場合に利用されている。ここまでが単一主体によって構築運用されるネットワークの範囲だ。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">単一主体によって構築運用されている閉じたネットワーク<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="e46c920c-b3c4-4d61-89b1-46a2824cbc05"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="5836e8ef-236f-4212-9bd1-5b35ebafa54d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="65bd7d64-ac23-47eb-9977-44a1b7e1761a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="bc61582e-b9dc-4b34-9d2b-f26a9c5dd127"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="7df76d58-cca1-4f72-b7bf-9b6a1c3db35a">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>イントラネットと言い換えてもよい<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="290dff91-1682-4b8d-8920-55436ba00ce1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="a85b5804-c96b-4810-915f-2678c9dbf28d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="0dfd4d99-3967-4fca-86a9-58895c839831"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="f801b0b1-9722-407c-bf43-bbb397746dcc"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="0e7c5418-f3fe-477e-ad22-f0add741fd90">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>をインターネットに参加させるには<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="19c3abe1-6b1a-4ff3-8fb5-48549b46bf6b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="d67ef870-ddba-4976-bb2c-5b5efc753d90"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="a444b9a9-cddd-4049-825c-42351c161ac7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="f562bc44-f6a3-4ec0-9356-8d6243d64456"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="c85498cb-30cf-4fc3-84db-cd173451a0b3">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>すでにインターネットに参加して<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="efc064e1-15e6-45da-a2d6-09d928a25e72">い</gs>るネットワークの中に収容<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="7cd5dbec-6dd3-4dc8-b598-c2dd0f187d43"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="94ceea69-cbc1-40ec-9abe-c1cc56905c00"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="de680b6b-5ff8-4ebf-984d-3534d0343bf8"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="7838e739-9bad-45c9-b717-a38052df9ae4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="c631e7b3-a8f4-4f46-aad2-fd5953c78333">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">ISP</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="8aca441e-aec7-44eb-a8f5-63a627dbb9fa">と</gs>回線接続契約して<span lang="EN-US">IP</span>アドレス割当<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="4d5ec227-9329-4aef-a195-e52163fa699b">を</gs>受ける形だ<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="9b73e3b3-9e26-4f1d-8702-f2f2533fbe52"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="fdfdd7b8-0185-41aa-b5d1-ff3cab8aa1f6"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="a2da3036-36b9-4e2e-95fc-7f642f4b8465"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="404e644d-9d52-413b-9a88-5fa2eb99284c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="b1e1a56d-bcbd-4ce2-b364-dedcaff765e1">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>するか<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="a2fcda32-37ce-45ec-a6d1-ff3d4bb9bc17"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="e98e0dd6-e434-4929-9e99-55cd59b70a40"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="a7004d90-08d6-4fa9-83cc-0bcd04dab180"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="a5b0468c-6f08-4a3d-8aa0-48f20783fb34"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="9b7c0557-6c3c-4f42-8188-f00cbe9dcef1">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">IANA</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="2660609e-2f74-4a57-a3e1-648d7a2f7820"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="0d494add-a6f9-4117-bf51-15bbef091497"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="a7bd54ae-97c9-4e32-a029-a9d38ca8c935"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="00c2534a-aa23-423f-8df4-4fff3aef7e19"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="ef80beab-e4c6-463b-b748-a9d703d91854">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">Internet Assi<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="ca654513-866f-40d1-b1d1-bdbd2986a2d2">g</gs>ned Numbers Authority</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="493f680a-17d7-412a-b3d2-95d09528da46"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="a6e0d25d-17dd-4635-b20f-5a47cf54d3cd"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="844669cc-7039-451a-a5f4-4c17010c6720"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="13c7d778-dfbd-4b3c-bde5-155439ee58b3"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="102d1725-c919-4b54-8f08-e1ac93ed3b59">:</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>実務上は<span lang="EN-US"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="c4f2340c-06f3-450d-8dd5-4dd2979c33ba">I</gs>ANA</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="3bc8d97f-a842-4fe0-9b56-d81ff075ffe5">か</gs>ら割当を<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="be29d16f-2baf-474a-9fbb-034f0dfff0ed">受</gs>けている<span lang="EN-US">RIRs</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="9b3230f6-fae7-4e39-a9be-a0378b460553"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="6d4c7ec9-25a5-44c0-98e2-8c6b0f452e4d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="d4b58107-2222-48ad-8526-78ab2cc87355"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="a4402eb0-0f68-446a-923f-b74e534a23a1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="0a054d32-b13f-4572-b490-121196d0018e">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">Regional Internet Registri<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="53532cb9-109e-4a44-950d-34ba2353ec91">e</gs>s</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="a5d4eaad-4575-4ec3-85cd-f918acaf6646"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="30e611ca-c3a0-4b6a-87b7-fa7165f3d009"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="bed6415a-1687-4ca0-bcf9-378770f4d6ce"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="88f17a23-bb36-4fa9-84d4-e1e920e11baa"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="f7fd20ed-9369-4987-8912-76c0bba034f0">:</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>日本の場合は<span lang="EN-US">IANA</span>→<span lang="EN-US">APNIC</span>→<span lang="EN-US">JPN<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="a8296acb-fcb0-4da3-be66-1fa1b6a4299d">I</gs>C</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="30281acd-a0e5-4fde-b51a-ad858f526b8d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="f3ea464a-e1ed-4487-9905-eb30b731609d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="dfee0d48-4800-4b1c-8a03-1c6a33df844d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="440690a8-e1d7-4940-a450-f83f556a2365"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="3ec52246-8ac6-4b2c-a07d-8a9e6ce6df8d">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>から<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="688fb8b5-552f-4e69-8d38-37395e65d699"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="11718609-a7d7-4d81-94e5-f84723719e43"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="1ca74d16-6f3f-4eba-9304-235985abeca4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="5d550909-eddc-4eb1-b1d7-b69199210ac3"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="c52c14da-5f5d-4bee-827a-a229c5077d96">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">Autonomous System Nu<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="ecf17d24-4270-4d95-adb0-805f7b237037">m</gs>ber</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="e49502da-82af-41c8-994d-a0acd4c740fb"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="5e1e2067-e80d-442d-a848-1763c742badf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="913008a4-9494-45e0-9529-37420c555dd4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="36c2b8c5-c1ec-4a20-938c-9f23f1a37e22"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="a9b4671e-d4bc-44d5-af34-8c7629dc1e26">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>の再割り当てを受け<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="fabd1352-1141-40a8-b6bd-51aabb03fa0d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="df8c8fbd-e983-4030-a9b1-32a1e6348c17"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="2a754ef2-215d-44b4-9314-8d4690adea9f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="4d6615b3-a1b2-4153-851c-bcd5ba52a3b4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="0e82694d-ebfb-4865-9022-411f8be35e44">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>自身を<span lang="EN-US">AS: A<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="b66a04e1-f55f-4093-b0f8-9844cfad353f">u</gs>tonom<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="42f3d29a-aa2c-4365-8e1b-b689b67a8c0c">o</gs>us System=</span>自律システム<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="b9ed7fc1-e614-4cae-917b-ffc8b2d78297"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="0cb758d3-b7c5-4c1e-b2dc-cceb9d1eacb7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="a40fdfde-5b3d-4d58-9040-8e76faed72bf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="4f7f0cb9-d176-43e6-b1eb-bcdbee8e6ca7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="a70ef6f7-8a6a-4aaf-81fd-d6caeebd275f">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>として登録し<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="d2c04877-698e-482b-9d99-3a1f5c9ec04b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="7542b89e-e5a2-4aa5-b688-39b0fa5c095f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="5ab0102d-3bc2-4e20-8604-3df4fa9a256b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="e352c2c3-682d-4a4f-bde9-2e8054362c7f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="eef218ae-960f-4190-9ec9-fb049eefb3f1">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="edd4fa0d-861c-4862-9174-e09e6fe387a8">L</gs>4</span>の<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="96deff39-87b5-4573-917e-71106fda6315"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="5a708deb-3c6b-4a6f-8323-5a76a85d7391"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="2cb1b25f-f35c-4602-9028-7d445efc31ec"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="8c2ac046-93a0-4c9d-8e47-b5045b1d097d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="e4ce5875-35ad-43a5-a80b-78ee1a736580">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">Bor<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="03cd2867-0572-4298-8bf1-dd02b5924667">d</gs>er Gateway Protocol</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="fda071e0-a027-4c8b-90f3-604c1e19087d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="b432b3ec-45f3-4b92-97a8-109049ce75c4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="e1c8973a-3967-4143-90c2-7e1ce59cb8b7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="40a14d5f-def1-408d-8e8e-3a72ac16bdbf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="1b5da1cf-1ef1-40cb-bc09-5673a2ff681b">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>を利用して他の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>とピ<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="f5d49a67-61bc-47c1-97f7-deb6645911c9">ア</gs>リングまたは<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="7f183ec7-d7e3-4608-9cf4-138d4a27f393">ト</gs>ランジット契<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="82a4dcf0-d77e-4f21-9a85-efaeb9d22ac6">約</gs>してトラヒック交換する<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="a8e29243-62ff-44d6-a136-4452a7e566cc"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="72958b2e-92fa-49dd-b8bf-86fa7fb08582"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="03929eeb-4585-4624-83c1-75998bef23bd"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="617a5881-bed5-4279-a8f7-79c8c40ced46"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="8c6d0bb3-c96a-4b02-8119-6832a45e2362">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>自身をインターネットに<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="34ceec9b-783c-4273-9a2b-558eeb0a8c33">参</gs>加しているネットワークの一つにすることになる<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fe0ed36d-c403-447b-88d8-87e902177e91" id="575823db-9931-47fe-8929-d07f21191a70"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e2826fd-6bb9-4125-88bf-3c981cd01432" id="30ecf9e4-b701-4357-9ae3-b119acb05bbf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bd3f5da8-eac8-42ba-9293-2563d0459530" id="60936ce7-54bc-4958-932c-7e1625a36ff0"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f1a473bf-851f-4f66-b69f-fe376d06abea" id="8e1e8acb-8da5-47d9-b761-6149657985a3"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5faf8d0e-b174-4553-b9c1-17d7e3e7e0fd" id="35e251fc-f024-481b-9c6a-44c915ede03b">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">RIRs</span>は通常シングルホーム<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="9655d4a7-a797-40a8-8abc-800fcae1b383">(</gs>単一接続先しかもたない)のネットワークに対して<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>を割当てないので<span lang="EN-US"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="41302f13-0687-4e33-9cfc-2d60ebf3ae72" id="efc9714e-0071-4cde-ad5a-4a7daebd7bd9">A</gs>S</span>はすべてマルチホームで<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>接続されているのが建前だ。したがって各<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>は最低でも二つ以上の他の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>に対する経路を持っていることになる。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2017/09/google.html#Top">戻る</span><br />
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="力学"></a><b>ピアリングの力学</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">理屈上、最低二つ以上の接続先(<span lang="EN-US">Path</span>)をもつ<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が組み合わさり、相互に自らの<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>、<span lang="EN-US">IP</span>アドレスブロックと<span lang="EN-US">Path</span>をピアリング相手の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>に通知(経路広報)していくと最終的にはすべての<span lang="EN-US">Path</span>の組み合わせ(フルルート)がすべての<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>に共有される。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">しかし、通常はピアリング相手に自らの他のピアリング相手の経路まで通知して他のネットワークへのトランジット(乗り継ぎ、この場合は他の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>の経路情報まで広報すること)を提供することはない。もし仮に自網についての経路広報しかしないピアリングのみで構築されていたとするとそのグラフは完全グラフ型となる。しかしトラヒックはアーラン分布することを考えると完全グラフ型のネットワークではオーバーヘッドがあまりに大きすぎて不経済だ。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">ついでにインターネットに参加するすべての<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が自らのピアリングしている他の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>の経路情報まで広報した場合、グラフはランダムネットワーク型になるがトラヒックがアーラン分布するために<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>毎のトラヒック負担の不均衡が大きな問題となる。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">もう少し細かく見ていこう。とある<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が他の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>からピアリングの申し入れを受けた際に受け入れるか否かはその<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が自らのポリシーに従って決定するわけだが、本文に記載した通り、個々の<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>は通常<span lang="EN-US">Selective/Restrictive/Open</span>のいずれかのポリシーモデルをベースに任意に自身のポリシーを設定している。<span lang="EN-US">Selective</span>ポリシーとは個別相談に応じる用意がある、<span lang="EN-US">Restrictive</span>ポリシーとは原則的に新規ピアリングは受け入れていない、<span lang="EN-US">Open</span>ポリシーとは原則的にピアリングは受け付ける用意がある、程度の意味だ。ただし、<span lang="EN-US">Open</span>ポリシーだからといってどんなピアリング要求も無条件に応じるわけではない。通常はトラヒック量やアドレス量、運用能力といった条件を満たしている必要があるし、さらに申し込み側に対して受け入れ側が独自の裁量で受け入れの可否判断や接続切断の権利を留保しているものだ。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">さらに、ピアリング(通信事業者的には相互接続の一種)するには自<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>と接続先<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>の境界ルーターを接続するわけだが当然ながら境界ルーター設置国の通信法の制約を受ける。もちろん相互接続する境界ルーター間の物理的距離が離れているほど中継接続回線コストも伝送遅延も大きくなり、ピアリングが費用倒れになる可能性が高まる、といった物理的制約と付随する費用制約も受ける。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">そこで<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>で相互に接続されたネットワーク間のトラヒック不均衡は回避できないのでトラヒック負荷を含む接続コスト負担を均衡させる仕組みが必要になる。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">ピアリングは境界ルーター間をケーブル接続するだけでトラヒック交換(通信量が対称となるのが建前)でき、<span lang="EN-US">ISP</span>から帯域を購入する場合と比較して伝送量課金が発生せず(それなりの運用規模があれば)低コストが期待できる。しかし極端な話、昨日今日<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>を取得したばかり(または<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>取得予定)のネットワークには<span lang="EN-US">Open</span>ポリシーを採用している<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>が掲げる接続条件をクリアするのは荷が重いのが普通だ。そうしたピアリング先のない<span lang="EN-US">AS</span>はトランジットを提供している電気通信事業者とトランジット契約を交わしてトランジット、つまりトランジット提供ネットワークが持つ他のネットワークへの接続へのトラヒック中継(<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>的には相手の持つすべての経路情報<span lang="EN-US">=</span>フルルート)を購入することになる。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">ちなみに<span lang="EN-US">CAIDA</span>の<span lang="EN-US">AS-Level Internet Graph</span>で頂点に位置する<span lang="EN-US">Tier1</span>事業者<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5cac4b42-644e-4576-b4f0-074bc1c5dcc7" id="a900113d-5bc9-4cc0-bec5-aa292616bd4d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="16591a68-7f2e-43f5-85dc-fdaf273ccce4" id="b49d7d44-93a2-4d16-84a5-8911cf1ef002"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="949c3f9a-18a8-4365-bc47-5c2535df4a11" id="04c576c9-aad2-4ea5-8fbb-4841413c96a5"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="710e5d10-5187-4925-b17a-245853a91fee" id="4153ad16-d750-4096-a5e4-7ce9aed9a973"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e7473660-66ca-4313-a560-d9df48ebef21" id="ba02bfe6-856e-4d82-9429-e03e650885d1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f78716d-1f73-48cd-8f9c-ed36464cf64c" id="0cae34ce-7d5f-43e6-90f6-1da98b514c53">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>ピアリングだけでフルルートを取得している<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5cac4b42-644e-4576-b4f0-074bc1c5dcc7" id="ea1c340f-b8dc-44b7-9a26-80b95d72c2ac"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="16591a68-7f2e-43f5-85dc-fdaf273ccce4" id="61f11814-8128-4d7e-905f-688822574630"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="949c3f9a-18a8-4365-bc47-5c2535df4a11" id="06230ec5-86c8-47aa-8522-88524d1d6744"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="710e5d10-5187-4925-b17a-245853a91fee" id="94591bc9-2e5b-4f8c-a769-5e03aa5322fd"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e7473660-66ca-4313-a560-d9df48ebef21" id="9bad8d51-11fc-491b-b771-cf2b0dc83cae"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f78716d-1f73-48cd-8f9c-ed36464cf64c" id="67c8b8c8-7766-4cb6-803e-a2ec61d54457">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>は<span lang="EN-US">Restrictive</span>ポリシーを採用しているので理屈上<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5cac4b42-644e-4576-b4f0-074bc1c5dcc7" id="e1910bc4-0cd0-4f4f-8c31-869f91b47d2c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="16591a68-7f2e-43f5-85dc-fdaf273ccce4" id="5cfe3eb8-8ed5-47db-8adc-9786c7816eb7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="949c3f9a-18a8-4365-bc47-5c2535df4a11" id="b8cac636-980e-4be5-a9a3-49abf1ed2a71"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="710e5d10-5187-4925-b17a-245853a91fee" id="7848ebe9-1eed-4fa4-a8f2-728bea20e17f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e7473660-66ca-4313-a560-d9df48ebef21" id="f924ec47-3cde-4522-966a-731d0d53622a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f78716d-1f73-48cd-8f9c-ed36464cf64c" id="44f15884-bf74-484e-8b02-ea84b1818d32">、</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="710e5d10-5187-4925-b17a-245853a91fee" id="a973b98b-784b-4513-8802-c2358d9fa4ae"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e7473660-66ca-4313-a560-d9df48ebef21" id="9c53afda-6eae-4fe7-b30f-1f74abf70710"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f78716d-1f73-48cd-8f9c-ed36464cf64c" id="238ed8eb-e4c6-4bbb-9582-d19e9c8ebf65">新規に<span lang="EN-US">ASN</span>取得したネットワークが無償でフルルートを取得することはできない。通常フルルートを取得するには<span lang="EN-US">Tier1</span>事業者または<span lang="EN-US">Tier1</span>事業者からトランジットを購入している<span lang="EN-US">Tier2</span>以下の情業者からトランジットを購入してフルルートを取得することになる</gs></gs></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5cac4b42-644e-4576-b4f0-074bc1c5dcc7" id="17971948-eda2-4813-9738-86d1606bc654"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="16591a68-7f2e-43f5-85dc-fdaf273ccce4" id="00a5f502-c149-49cc-945e-3186cbcf77d5"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="949c3f9a-18a8-4365-bc47-5c2535df4a11" id="29454869-872c-46d1-931d-78ae381d1401"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="710e5d10-5187-4925-b17a-245853a91fee" id="2ad5fff1-aabe-4177-b93f-832e2a683a3b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e7473660-66ca-4313-a560-d9df48ebef21" id="8ab11a62-a472-4219-bbca-d236a76ae128"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f78716d-1f73-48cd-8f9c-ed36464cf64c" id="0b26d16a-3f9c-43da-8e7a-9741f6e1aeef">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a href="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/im/articles/0408/08/news004.html">制約理論</a>(TOC)的にみるとトランジット契約とは<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>トラヒックの最適化を目的とした制約条件として機能して</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: Normall;">いるとも言える。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">ともあれ、こうして形成された大規模なランダムグラフ構造を持つ<span lang="EN-US">Path</span>の組み合わせ、フルルートの中から最適な経路を選択するために<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>はパスベクトル型経路制御アルゴリズムを採用している。突っ込まれる前に書いておくが<span lang="EN-US">MPLS</span>などの話には今回はあえて触れない。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="カスタマーコーン"></a><b>カスタマーコーンとネットワーク外部性</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www2.telegeography.com/global-bandwidth-research-service">Global BandwidthResearch</a></span>は海底ケーブルの総帯域幅に対して利用主体の種別毎のシェアを割り出しているのであってインターネットにおけるトラヒックシェアを表しているわけではない<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5563a2f3-4c8f-4334-b48a-d2cbaa677efb" id="d0c551d8-700d-4a88-a44b-dcf16ffece84">。</gs>インターネットのトラヒックシェア調査では検出できないトラヒックをも含めた調査である点に留意が必要だ<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="86b7f51d-ef12-409c-b4b3-0e39e8a5c1d1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5563a2f3-4c8f-4334-b48a-d2cbaa677efb" id="4deaa094-51d7-41be-a929-1bdbc917fc5b">。</gs></gs>ちなみに<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>のインターネットトラヒックシェアは<span lang="EN-US">2010</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月時点で小さく見積もって平均<span lang="EN-US">6<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="87f70456-5660-4b8b-9fd3-789bfee92ee3"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5563a2f3-4c8f-4334-b48a-d2cbaa677efb" id="37b678f1-19d7-4615-ac31-c150bd65964c">.</gs></gs>4%</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5563a2f3-4c8f-4334-b48a-d2cbaa677efb" id="17e23735-4a5b-47ed-bc6e-876ded95a5aa">、</gs>最大で平均<span lang="EN-US">12%</span>で<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5563a2f3-4c8f-4334-b48a-d2cbaa677efb" id="d09c7cb6-357c-4274-b23e-626ee4cb73f5">、</gs>もし<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>が<span lang="EN-US">ISP</span>であったなら世界第二位のトラヒック規模に相当する<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="810d37c7-f338-45cf-9121-506c66abf29e">と</gs><a href="https://www.arbornetworks.com/blog/asert/google-breaks-traffic-record/"><span lang="EN-US">AR<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="0d8134c0-8899-4b94-893a-938a715c4fb4">B</gs>OR Networ<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="537d2ec2-2cee-4914-a6c0-96741abb7e30">k</gs>s</span>は報告</a>していた<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="google網"></a><b>膨大なトラヒックを生成する<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>の網構成</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">Ope<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3009a19-f2dc-4837-b05f-c8c9847cb6d2" id="85ed5ac4-ed67-4fe9-a8d2-a7a829f425ff">n</gs> Network Summit 2017</span>で公開された<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>の資料には<span lang="EN-US">PoP</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dac8bcd8-124c-419b-94c3-39336e3b15bd" id="1bb26677-d5b5-41d4-9861-ac3ff740eb14"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ccc56cd5-de03-48ac-b58e-ca6542c9dbdf" id="66fe4a87-98e0-4733-8d92-9b2aaf811d80"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44018977-2c3e-4eea-98ee-0ccab36eb931" id="96b31a6b-3089-48f0-ae46-1baa6f36ac8c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2c4ff9d3-3182-4129-810c-742a7a402c8a" id="0a63408f-ee53-4d18-9ba4-e8a4e0f088ea"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9485e4ba-cc6e-4f09-993f-c787737e896c" id="835f56ae-ceb6-4502-bac0-7b3ba876a16c">(</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US">Point of Presence</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dac8bcd8-124c-419b-94c3-39336e3b15bd" id="574e1748-00f8-4a23-ad1d-5e3e7ad23812"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ccc56cd5-de03-48ac-b58e-ca6542c9dbdf" id="3e2ba474-638c-4c83-a04c-e80ddf1de012"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44018977-2c3e-4eea-98ee-0ccab36eb931" id="45c00746-4b11-4426-82f1-c04df19fe002"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2c4ff9d3-3182-4129-810c-742a7a402c8a" id="b42312e6-6bba-40a0-92e7-2113d6f3543a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9485e4ba-cc6e-4f09-993f-c787737e896c" id="71371687-29ff-4dcd-9350-b44cef576348">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs>は世界に<span lang="EN-US">100</span>以上と記載されているが<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.peeringdb.com/net/433">PeeringDB</a></span>によると現時点でプライベート<span lang="EN-US">Po<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f73de660-9b7b-4f62-bfc9-96af1992d62b" id="47ea29fc-dbb6-4ef6-9e3d-0952af84a267">P</gs></span>は<span lang="EN-US">109</span>拠点を数えていたのでこちらの数字を採用している<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f73de660-9b7b-4f62-bfc9-96af1992d62b" id="6b3e24cf-00cc-471a-ba41-39de9541608f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dac8bcd8-124c-419b-94c3-39336e3b15bd" id="85f7522f-305a-4a06-8a0d-e1af28727fb2"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ccc56cd5-de03-48ac-b58e-ca6542c9dbdf" id="be805cae-d5cf-4aa2-bae0-0bca97e1328e"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ccc56cd5-de03-48ac-b58e-ca6542c9dbdf" id="978b317a-cdb5-4563-82d4-32642e9ccb0a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44018977-2c3e-4eea-98ee-0ccab36eb931" id="afcf42de-1345-4c83-af64-5cc94ad91d1c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2c4ff9d3-3182-4129-810c-742a7a402c8a" id="a54dc7fb-cbc5-4b69-a243-7de9c858dc65"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9485e4ba-cc6e-4f09-993f-c787737e896c" id="311fb368-886a-4ee8-a246-602dd0cf3e24">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs></gs><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="推定"></a><b><span lang="EN-US">Goo<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f73de660-9b7b-4f62-bfc9-96af1992d62b" id="4f0a2156-752e-48b9-8629-f4952953b38b">g</gs>le</span>の網構造を踏まえた障害原因の推定</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">Espresso</span>は<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>が<a href="http://opennetsummit.org/archives/apr12/hoelzle-tue-openflow.pdf">OpenNetwork Summit 2012での講演</a>で公開していた<span lang="EN-US">Centralized Traffic Engineering</span>の考え方を推し進めた先に位置づけられる。<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>は<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年の段階で<span lang="EN-US">Centralized Traffic Engineering</span>を実システムで実践しており、「防弾」(堅牢、の意だろう)の<span lang="EN-US">I-Scale</span>と「実験可能な」<span lang="EN-US">G-Scale</span>の二つの論理ネットワークを構築して実ネットワーク規模で運用と実験を安全に両立する環境を持っていた。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><span lang="EN-US">Google</span>における<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~vahdat/papers/b4-sigcomm13.pdf">Centralized Traffic Engineering</a></span>とは<a href="http://www-users.cselabs.umn.edu/classes/Spring-2016/csci8211/Lecture-Notes/csci8211-B4.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">SDN</span>による制御と伝送の切り離し技術体系</a>を指す。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="残件"></a><b>今回障害における残件</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">総務省による<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GO_-PBJyGv4&list=PL7PI1l61-EVI3kTCIsRL4Twae44-TzXO1&index=2&t=312s">大臣会見録画</a>と<a href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/kaiken/01koho01_02000618.html">書き起こし</a>を確認すると大臣発言は、</span></div>
<span style="font-size: Normall;"><br />“今おっしゃったとおり、この通信障害というのは、25日の午後に全国でインターネットがアクセスしづらい状態が発生したということです。 これは、グーグルはインターネットで通信を成立させるため、技術的になりますけれども、事業者同士で行う通信経路の設定を誤ったことにより、国内事業者間の通信が、海外を経由する事態が発生してしまった。その一部の回線に多大な負荷がかかったということが原因でありました。<br /> 各事業者の対応によって、その日の夕方までには概ね復旧したと聞いていますが、こういう事態により重大な事故の発生を防ぐ観点から、総務省においては、詳細な原因の調査と、今後の対応について検討を行う予定としています。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">となっている。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;"><a name="補遺"></a><b>全体についての補遺:より広範な検証と検討が必要</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">発生件数の日次分布で見ると<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>リークは一日当たり平均<span lang="EN-US">9.5</span>件発生しており中央値は<span lang="EN-US">5</span>件、しかし<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月<span lang="EN-US">25</span>日は<span lang="EN-US">192</span>件も発生しており観測された<span lang="EN-US">200</span>日間に発生した<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>リークの<span lang="EN-US">10.2%</span>が<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月<span lang="EN-US">25</span>日に集中していたことがわかる。明らかに異常だ。記録を追っていくと<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>が<span lang="EN-US">BGPStream</span>に<span lang="EN-US">Possible Hijack</span>と判定された<span lang="EN-US">3</span>時<span lang="EN-US">22</span>分(<span lang="EN-US">UTC</span>、<span lang="EN-US">JTC</span>で<span lang="EN-US">12</span>時<span lang="EN-US">22</span>分)の経路広報以前から<span lang="EN-US">23</span>件ものイベントが記録されている。ものの3時間で平均の<span lang="EN-US">2</span>倍を超えるイベントが起きている。これら先行するイベントに一見<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>は関係ないように見えるが小島氏のように丁寧に生ログを解析したわけではないのではっきりしたことはわからない。<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>由来のイベントの後も<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>リークが突出して頻発しているのも気になる。日本における「全国的なネット接続障害」の直接の原因は<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>が報道機関に認めたように<span lang="EN-US">Google</span>の経路広報設定の間違いにあったかもしれないが、筆者はより広範に<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月末からの障害集中について詳しく検証していく必要があると考えている。</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wTwhP5F3d_0/Wcyd3Yt1DjI/AAAAAAAACCE/F4ZaAK2zgM89cmRsvZSQmJhVuUCBf0M2QCLcBGAs/s1600/BGP2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: Normall;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wTwhP5F3d_0/Wcyd3Yt1DjI/AAAAAAAACCE/F4ZaAK2zgM89cmRsvZSQmJhVuUCBf0M2QCLcBGAs/s640/BGP2.png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: Normall;">日当たりの<span lang="EN-US">BGP</span>ハイジャック、リーク、停止の発生件数分布<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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筆者は今回の障害については規模と影響の面から<a href="https://ccdcoe.org/index.html">NATO CCD COE</a><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="61594e0e-213c-4842-a6af-2f22cfda3a0b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="3053227b-bd51-4e5d-b375-8f6b2203d832"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="1ba99c88-741b-4c64-8ef1-c6a77728be44"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="cee8eb95-ac4c-48e6-b3cb-f167a0409020">(</gs></gs></gs></gs><span style="text-align: center;">Cooperative Cyber <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="70ba2acf-5c12-4d00-a8ef-f16a2c0c9dac"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="8ff0d055-2146-4d52-8588-0c7b7a451c3f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="568d9bd6-8dd0-44b3-ba62-44bfc8cc71c1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="52032593-d3c7-4569-ade1-451a061a07dc">Defence</gs></gs></gs></gs> Centre of Excellence<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="ca09b76b-ed73-488d-b0b8-aeff2115059b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="6b74934b-058d-46ab-8128-8651d6a6f9a0"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="a6a5ca43-c109-4446-bce1-6d38525565c4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="6e0437c5-58a0-48d0-b081-6a307baf81bd">)</gs></gs></gs></gs></span><span style="text-align: center;">の定義に基づくとダウンディテクターの検出した現象だけ見れば</span><a href="https://ccdcoe.org/cyber-definitions.html" style="text-align: center;">サイバー攻撃</a><span style="text-align: center;">を疑うに足る事象だったと考える<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="3d1343dd-39d2-4b6c-87a3-e3fed48852ec"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="d575e117-b943-457b-9d06-35d13287a49b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="fb017e9c-2707-471c-bced-186742fd562b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="4cd04b0b-1798-4d9f-8e8a-52bcb8495d3d">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></span><span style="text-align: center;">事象の発生原因が障害であったのか攻撃であったのかで政府の取るべき行動は大きく違ってくる<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="19516f56-0a00-459f-818b-ca437ff788c9"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="b3229891-039f-4bc8-b66d-741ea2725366"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="708e5fa6-11a3-48a4-a262-0cdc97d497cf"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="a3d6d2d0-a6a1-4cb3-9309-80e5a37a2e06">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></span><span style="text-align: center;">そうした重要な問題の初期切り分けに時間がかかりすぎた今回の事例が提示した課題は多く<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="a8e24791-b45a-4781-bda4-f4bb1c9ff7f9"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="f50bbf86-05a7-40df-8d4e-50c83a6ef6e1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="2722f338-81d0-4a12-80c8-ebe167fc94dd"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="d2e7b853-2331-4a60-b3b6-5b9400a88fcd">、</gs></gs></gs></gs>かつ<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="c64637ac-2da7-4757-b6fd-829b5e9ee88c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="38f7f0c0-e95b-4f6e-a588-a7b00083984f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="80644594-cd44-4769-a059-95bcb1ed8321"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="30510c2a-6484-43e8-994c-8de6c9c0d881">、</gs></gs></gs></gs>重いと言わざるを得ない<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6ba084f7-504c-4873-b38d-de745ff53593" id="dd9b914a-9e74-41a2-94f7-e36d50feb07a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="047ceba9-bf79-4c8b-8da6-6c11e824e022" id="1d0edce4-4a8f-484a-a1da-7255e81db42f"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cd7926d2-18a9-4c86-b466-3ba7ae5102d6" id="0b9ca12d-5057-44d7-b768-06e5d7210e9c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="064403bd-a623-4cc1-b656-35c1b4f7079e" id="3c3e28bf-d7ce-4606-9e46-840e686895c6">。</gs></gs></gs></gs></span></div>
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Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-43284718331493026252016-12-26T10:00:00.000+09:002016-12-26T15:47:11.496+09:00“じり貧”へ向かう日本市場を復活へと導く オープンイノベーションの可能性 <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">IT </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Media社TechTargetにて連載「</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">川田大輔のクラウド解体新書</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">」の第3</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">回記事</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">「</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1611/30/news01.html" target="_blank">“じり貧”へ向かう日本市場を復活へと導く オープンイノベーションの可能性</a> </span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="c201a64f-c82e-411d-b65c-f5de412c0fe0" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-style: inherit;">」</gs><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-style: inherit;">が公開</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">されました<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="71b0f30e-4e97-4604-b45c-0e82fa18ee33">。</gs></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TechTargetに会員登録いただきますとWebサマリー版では読めない後編<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="03566faf-c3b0-47b8-bbe7-42945cc33f7d">、</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="073f2f1b-e5f8-44ee-8f7f-88eb4ccd2d20">「</gs></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="e83b1342-2d13-4430-b47b-db566062b478"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-size: x-small;"><u><a href="http://wp.techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/contents/?cid=21707" target="_blank">Predixの事例に学ぶ、日本企業のためのオープンイノベーション入門</a></u></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: x-small;">」</span></gs><span style="color: #333333; font-size: x-small;">を含む</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PDF提供の完全版</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">がダウンロードいただけます<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="df832592-a1b7-4fa3-924d-8f963e89b752">。</gs></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">以下、完全版本文より抜粋</span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">世界においてモバイル、クラウド、IoT と、インターネットの雪だるま式成長が続き、貿易依存度が高まっていく中で日本の生産性が低いままだと、たとえ現在のところ比較的大きな国内市場に安住できていたとしても、行く行くはじり貧となるのが目に見えている。ここで踏みとどまるためには、「経済活動の中で生産手段や資源、労働力などをそれまでとは異なる仕方で新結合」させてイノベーションを誘発する必要がある。そのために、あらゆる面でこれまでより高い流動性が必要だ。</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">高い流動性と組み換え自由度を確保すると、それまで 1 社の内部判断では「投資しても回収できるかどうか分からない」という不確実性の壁を乗り越えられなかったアイデアや技術、販路が確保できずに流通しなかった商材などを外部へ公開し、これに事業性を見いだした外部パートナーとリスク分担することで、実現可能性を高められる。カリフォルニア大学バークレー校 非常勤教授のヘンリー・チェスブロウ氏がハーバードビジネススクールの助教授だった 2003 年に提唱したオープンイノベーションの考え方だ。</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">b</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-56329562608470729312016-08-22T10:30:00.000+09:002016-08-22T19:52:51.228+09:00クラウド“ビッグ4”のデータセンターは、どのくらいビッグで複雑なのか?<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">IT </span><span style="border-color: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 19.6px;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 19.6px;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Media社TechTargetにて連載「</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">川田大輔のクラウド解体新書</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">」の第2回記事「<a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1608/29/news01.html" target="_blank">クラウド</a></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1608/29/news01.html" target="_blank"></a></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1608/29/news01.html" target="_blank">“ビッグ4”のデータセンターは<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="e58d1815-9455-4680-9aab-d09fd9d2e3b5">、</gs>どのくらいビッグで複雑なのか?</a><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="c201a64f-c82e-411d-b65c-f5de412c0fe0">」</gs>が公開されました<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="71b0f30e-4e97-4604-b45c-0e82fa18ee33">。</gs></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TechTargetに会員登録いただきますとWebサマリー版では読めない後編<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="03566faf-c3b0-47b8-bbe7-42945cc33f7d">、</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="073f2f1b-e5f8-44ee-8f7f-88eb4ccd2d20">「</gs><a href="http://wp.techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/contents/?cid=20164" target="_blank">1社で2000年当時のインターネット全体に匹敵する規模に成長したクラウド“ビッグ4”は<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="bc063c2f-2f7c-4856-9d9e-171318a87658">、</gs>複雑さをどう手なづけるのか<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="9c8fb619-c531-42fc-aee3-a9cd2509a484">?</gs></a></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="e83b1342-2d13-4430-b47b-db566062b478">」</gs>を含む</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PDF提供の完全版</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">がダウンロードいただけます<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="48a5e547-ed16-4922-82fd-52a8a257df7c" id="df832592-a1b7-4fa3-924d-8f963e89b752">。</gs></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif;"></span></span>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">以下、完全版本文より抜粋</span><br />
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: , "hiragino kaku gothic pro" , "ヒラギノ角ゴ pro w3" , "verdana" , "ms pゴシック" , "osaka"; font-size: x-small;">単純な比較はできないがノードの規模にだけ着目するならクラウドビッグ4(AWS、Microsoft、IBM、Google)は、それぞれ単独で1990年代末から2000年代初頭のインターネット全体と同等以上の複雑さを持っていると言っていい(余談だがMicrosoftがAzure内部ネットワークを、インターネットの経路制御プロトコルBGP<Border Gateway Protocol>で構築しているのも納得の規模だ)。これだけの規模のコンピュータ資源が(リージョン単位などの制御制約はあるにせよ)単一のシステムとしてリアルタイムに挙動監視されながら、単一のコントロールパネルで操作可能になっているだけでも驚くべき進歩といえる。</span></span><br />
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-27910045521524040522016-06-28T10:00:00.000+09:002016-07-08T13:39:19.335+09:00AWS圧勝とは限らない、クラウドシェア争いの現場で起きている“異次元成長”<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;">IT </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; text-align: justify;">Media社TechTargetにて新連載企画「</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">川田大輔のクラウド解体新書</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">」</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">がスタートしました。第一回としてWebサマリー版として前編<a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1606/23/news02.html">AWS圧勝とは限らない、クラウドシェア争いの現場で起きている“異次元成長” </a>が公開されております。TechTargetに会員登録いただきますとWebサマリー版では読めない後編、<a href="http://wp.techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/contents/?cid=19724">「次なる40億人」が決める、クラウドベンダーの勝者と敗者</a>を含む</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">PDF提供の完全版</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">がダウンロードいただけます。</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">以下、完全版本文より抜粋</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">インターネットに国境はない、世界はフラットになった、といった無責任なスローガンを信じる読者は本稿など読んでいないだろう。中国の金盾を筆頭にいまや法域ごとにインターネットは分断[i]されているし、米国NSAや英国GCHQなどの政府機関は国内法を根拠に外国通信傍受を盛んに行なっている。(中略) 2012年に開催された世界国際電気通信会議、ITR改定を取り扱う。WCITはコンセンサス重視の運営がなされ全会一致を伝統としていたが、WCIT-12においてはWCIT史上初の多数決が実施されITRの大幅改定が行われた。)署名国と非署名国に分かれた日に牧歌的インターネットの時代は終わりを告げている。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px;">ご一読いただければ幸いです。</span><br />
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-61380202567382852632014-12-26T01:19:00.000+09:002014-12-26T13:26:33.849+09:00ベアメタルサービス市場についてのメモ<h3>
類まれな良縁</h3>
IBMは2009年3月に<a href="http://gevaperry.typepad.com/Open%20Cloud%20Manifesto%20v1.0.9.pdf">Open Cloud Manifesto</a>(AmazonやMicrosoftが拒否したことで有名)策定に関わり、2011年12月にはThe Open Groupの<a href="https://www2.opengroup.org/ogsys/jsp/publications/PublicationDetails.jsp?publicationid=12510">SOCCI</a>策定にも貢献するなど、早い時期からクラウドのあるべき姿についてのコンセプトワーク面で多大な足跡を残していますが、コンセプトを体現する製品〔サービス)に<a href="http://jp.techcrunch.com/2013/10/22/20131020ibm-is-not-a-cloud-king/">恵まれていません</a>でした。(<a href="http://ranking.atoll.jp/2013/12/iaas201312.html">IaaSランキング</a>でもハイブリッドクラウド内で下位に留まっていました)<br />
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しかし2013年6月4日にSoftlayerの<a href="http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/41191.wss">買収を発表</a>し、翌月の7月9日には買収発表後1ヶ月を経ず<a href="http://www-06.ibm.com/jp/press/2013/07/0901.html">買収完了を発表</a>し、ここから猛烈な勢いでIBMのクラウドシフトが始まります。<br />
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買収されたSoftlayerは2005年にテキサス州ダラスで創業したホスティング事業者で、2010年8月に投資会社の<a href="http://www.gipartners.com/">GIパートナーズ</a>傘下に入り、同じGIパートナーズ傘下にあったPlanetとの合併を経てIBMに買収されました。<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yz2hBVzABHM/VJzjS0xY5zI/AAAAAAAABU8/cBAAfyU8BcA/s1600/Magic-Quadrant-for-Cloud-Infrastructure-as-a-Service-2011-2014-Softlayer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yz2hBVzABHM/VJzjS0xY5zI/AAAAAAAABU8/cBAAfyU8BcA/s1600/Magic-Quadrant-for-Cloud-Infrastructure-as-a-Service-2011-2014-Softlayer.png" height="636" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://aws.amazon.com/jp/resources/gartner-mq-2014-learn-more/">Gartner Quadrant for IaaS</a>のチャートを2011年から2014年分まで重ねたポジション遷移マップを作ってみたところ、他の多くのサービスと同様、ポジションを下げていたIBMは、市場のリーダーを狙える位置に踏みとどまっていたSoftlayerと出会って次世代のリーダーを狙えるビジョナリーに化けた、と読まれているらしいことが浮かび上がってきた。</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1tiP6R7Hzaw/VI6mgRbsdEI/AAAAAAAABSE/tUAgYP0M3yE/s1600/Synagy%2B2014Q3-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1tiP6R7Hzaw/VI6mgRbsdEI/AAAAAAAABSE/tUAgYP0M3yE/s1600/Synagy%2B2014Q3-2.png" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front">Synergy Research</a>が四半期毎に発表しているIaaS/PaaS市場ランキングを元に市場上位事業者の成長速度を比較したところ、Gartner MagicQuadrantでビジョナリーに位置しているMicrosoft、IBM、google(Microsoftは2014年からリーダーに遷移)の三事業者の成長速度が業界平均成長率に留まるAWSに比べ、飛びぬけて高いことが見て取れる。</span></div>
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勃興するベアメタル生態系</h3>
現在Softlayerの代名詞となっているベアメタルクラウドは2009年10月5日に<a href="http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/softlayer-adds-bare-metal-cloud-to-cloud-services">発表</a>され、当初は2Coreで2GB RAM、250GBストレージを備え月額$159といった条件で提供されていました。現在同社より2.66-2.9GHz 8Core、128GB RAM、16TBストレージ、20TBアウトバウンド伝送量で月額$159にて提供されている<a href="https://www.softlayer.com/bare-metal-servers">Single Processorモデル</a>と比較すると、ささやかなスタートだったことが伺われます。<br />
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月額課金等の制約が残り、長らく類似サービスの登場に恵まれなかった(注: 2011年10月28日に発表されたvoxel dedicated hostingの例(発表後2ヶ月しか経たない12月30日に<a href="http://www.internap.com/dedicated-hosting/">Internap</a>に売却されたことで記憶されるべきか)や、Canonicalの<a href="https://juju.ubuntu.com/">Juju</a>(ベアメタルのオーケストレーションも行う)例はある)ベアメタルクラウドですが、IBMによる<a href="http://www.google.com/trends/explore?hl=ja&tz&q=OnMetal,+bare+metal+cloud&cmpt=q&content=1">Softlyer買収を機に</a>、2014年6月10日に<a href="https://www.mirantis.com/company/press-center/company-news/mirantis-launches-openstack-express-worlds-first-openstack-private-cloud-service/">Mirantis OpneStack Express</a>が、続いて7月24日には<a href="http://www.rackspace.com/blog/newsarticles/rackspace-announces-onmetal-cloud-servers-general-availability-and-pricing/">Rackspace <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9fdb63c4-243f-45e0-b5b2-dcc620b0d2a1" id="d722fa8f-a2d3-4724-b8fb-42d47c122dbb"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9fdb63c4-243f-45e0-b5b2-dcc620b0d2a1" id="00aff5b1-fabf-4075-a0a6-ad0f1ef17616"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9fdb63c4-243f-45e0-b5b2-dcc620b0d2a1" id="f78c43dd-1b24-489b-a8cb-cd346f35626b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9fdb63c4-243f-45e0-b5b2-dcc620b0d2a1" id="8f22d50a-1e11-4424-b8a8-86caf7f6b70d">OnMetal</gs></gs></gs></gs> Cloud Servers</a>も登場して、にわかに活気付きました。これら新規参入者を迎え撃つSoftlayerは8月26日に<a href="http://www.softlayer.com/press/release/2562/softlayer-introduces-new-hourly-bare-metal-servers-deployed-in-minutes-release">時間課金制と30分以内デプロイを投入</a>してハードルを引き上げにかかりました。利用者の立場からすると実に好ましい循環が生まれつつあるように見えます。</div>
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2014年に入ると国内でも日本IBMによるSoftlayerの大々的プロモーション活動が始まり、それまで国内で無名だったSoftlayerやベアメタルに注目が集まり始めます。競合事業者を見ても、5月28日にはリンクが<a href="http://app-plat.jp/">ベアメタル型アプリプラットフォーム</a>を<a href="http://app-plat.jp/pressrelease/data/release_20140528.pdf">発表</a>、11月10日にはIDCフロンティアが<a href="http://www.idcf.jp/pressrelease/2014/20141110001.html">高速ベアメタルサーバー</a>を、その一週間後の11月17日にGMOインターネットがベアメタルサーバーも提供する、<a href="https://www.gmo.jp/news/article/?id=4640">お名前.comクラウド</a>を投入して、米国市場にさほど遅れることもなく活気付いてきました。これら新規参入者を迎え撃つSoftlayerは1月17日に発表していた<a href="http://www-06.ibm.com/jp/press/2014/01/2001.html">グローバルクラウド12億ドル投資計画</a>に基づき、12月22日に1万5000台の物理サーバを備えた(注:計画値)<a href="http://www.softlayer.com/press/release/2762/ibm-opens-first-cloud-data-center-with-softlayer-in-japan">SoftLayer東京データセンター開設</a>を発表、ポータルの<a href="http://www.softlayer.com/jp/">日本語化</a>も果たし、国内でも新規参入者を突き放しにかかっています。ここでも好循環が生まれつつあると言えそうです。<br />
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2014年になっても国内下位のオレオレクラウド事業者がIaaSを名乗りながら数日から一週間以内の変更要求反映であったり書面やメールによる申し入れに留まっているのに対し、Softlayerは2009年のベアメタル発表当初からベアメタルの展開、制御、管理のすべてを<a href="https://www.softlayer.com/automation-control">API</a>によって実現しており徹底的な自動化を達成しています。一部を除き、ベアメタルを名乗るサービス提供事業者はSoftlayerと同様に展開、制御、管理の自動化を実現しており、上位事業者と下位事業者のサービス実装水準は乖離が大きくなる一方です。<br />
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ベアメタル台頭の理由</h3>
クラウドは本質的に1961年に誕生したTSS(Time Sharing System)の遠い子孫といえます。当時高価だった計算資源の所有と利用を切り離し、電話網を介して計算資源アクセスを提供していたTSSは、現代的に解釈するなら世界最古のPaaSと呼べるでしょう。<br />
その後、計算資源単価の下落と小型化の進展によってTSSは廃れましたが、ジョージ・ギルダーが2000年に指摘した「豊かな資源を浪費して希少資源を節約する」(<a href="http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E2%80%95%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8-%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC/dp/4797318392">テレコズム</a>)経済原則に従って、インターネットの普及によって安価になった伝送帯域を浪費し、希少な<a href="http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=gKZP8_Tp27UC&lpg=PP1&ots=5o5JqH8HUK&dq=Making%20Democracy%20Work&lr&hl=ja&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Making%20Democracy%20Work&f=false">社会関係資本</a>(ここではパットナム定義に従う)を節約(集約)するASPの勃興を経てその提供基盤を実現するクラウドとして再び脚光を浴びる時代を迎えたと位置付けられます。<br />
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2006年当時にエリック・シュミットが<a href="http://www.economist.com/node/8133511">提唱</a>した「クラウド」概念は2011年にDRAFTの文字が削除され一応の完成を見た<a href="http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf">NIST SP800-145</a>(いわゆるNISTクラウド定義)を得て、分類と定量的な比較が可能になりました。(少なくともその第一歩を踏み出せたと言えます)<br />
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NISTクラウド定義は80-90年代を通じて主流であった計算資源の自己所有を前提とした利用モデルの外側に広がる所有と利用の分離形式のパターンを整理し、多くの公共インフラと同じように、組み合わせ最適化(離散最適化)を導入して、それまで計算機所有の費用とだけ認識されていた計算コストを計算費用(もっと言えば応答性能と遅延性能)と可用性確保費用に分解し、これまで気にされることのない<a href="http://techtarget.itmedia.co.jp/tt/news/1201/26/news01.html">埋没費用となっていた部分に光を当てた</a>ことに意義があったと考えます。<br />
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多くの利用者が共用するインフラストラクチャにおいては通常、費用対効果を最適化するために待ち行列理論を利用した組み合わせ最適化が図られます。この際、利用要求に対して資源配備が過小であれば、渋滞や輻輳、停電といった問題が発生します。利用要求に対して資源配備が過大であれば、渋滞や輻輳、停電といった問題は起きませんが、過大インフラの所有(利用)コストが重くのしかかってきます。<br />
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通常、IaaS事業者はオーバーコミット(要するに資源利用率管理のためにリソースプールから一定の資源を割り当て、物理資源量を超える要求を待ち行列に入れる処理)機能を利用して計算資源の組み合わせ最適化を行っています。このとき、IaaS事業者は提供する計算資源についてCPU性能とメモリ容量、ストレージ容量を明示して提供していますが、CPU性能についてはXeon XXGHz相当といった曖昧な表記をして提供されている場合が多々見られます。伝送遅延やストレージIOPSについてもサービスレベルを機器性能のように厳格に提示しない傾向があります。<br />
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資源割り当てと負荷が動的に変化するサービスにおいて、資源割り当ての組み合わせ最適化問題は取り扱う要素が増え、組み合わせ許容する条件が厳しくなると収容できる資源要求が減少するためコスト競争の厳しい市況においては、制約条件を一定限度ゆるく設定しないと事業として成立しなくなるため致し方ない側面もあります。<br />
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本質的に、性能を一意に保証する必要があるなら、資源占有させて(代わりにコスト制約をゆるめ)組み合わせ最適化問題を回避しなければなりません。このような厳格な性能管理を必要とする(かつ、コスト収容力のある)事業分野にオンプレミスシステムやベアメタルクラウドが求められる素地があると言えます。<br />
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資源占有して厳格な性能管理を実現するだけでなく、資源所有してオンプレミスシステムとして構築する経済合理性が成り立つ分野というと、国防などごく一部の分野に限られますので、ベアメタルを得てクラウドはオンプレミスに対して十分な代替性を得たと評することが出来る時代を迎えたのではないでしょうか。<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-p_bktPZjVM0/VJw1Y3rKXVI/AAAAAAAABUs/ZHj5PTlOvaQ/s1600/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B3%E5%8C%96.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-p_bktPZjVM0/VJw1Y3rKXVI/AAAAAAAABUs/ZHj5PTlOvaQ/s1600/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%81%A8%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B3%E5%8C%96.png" height="316" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">資源割り当てについてのベアメタルと仮想化の考え方の違いの模式図。緑のブロックが、とある利用者の資源割り当て要求量だとして、ベアメタルの場合、ハードウェア資源割り当てできた場合は性能確保が容易。ただしハードウェア資源を引き当てられなかった場合はサービス停止するリスクもある。仮想化の場合、オーバーコミットによって資源共有するので資源確保がそもそも出来ないといった問題にはベアメタルより強いが、SLAの条件にもよるものの依存している資源の稼働率の影響を受けるため利用者のあずかり知らないところで性能低下するリスクを抱えることもある。また、ベアメタルは資源切り出し粒度がハードウェア粒度に制約される。利用者は性能要求とコスト制約、収容したいサービスの稼働率分布をよく考慮してデプロイ先を選択し、システム構築するプロビジョニンク力とでもいうべき能力を磨く必要があるだろう。</span></div>
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ベアメタルがクラウド進化のきっかけを生む可能性</h3>
様々な準拠法と政治的影響(政治的条件もファンダメンタルのひとつ)のもと、まちまちのSLAと約款に従って、複数の提供主体から、様々な世代の、まちまちの性能特性をもつ計算資源群を透過的に運用可能にするという、Open Cloud Manifestの描いた理想は現在もまだ夢のままです。<br />
Open Cloud Manifestの理想を実現するためにはセキュリティ、データとアプリケーションの相互運用性、移植性、管理(制御)粒度の互換性確保とその測定基準の策定や評価基準の整備などが必要です。<br />
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このような多様な環境下での組み合わせ最適化を実現するためにはハイパーバイザーを利用した完全仮想化などの資源抽象化はオーバーヘッドというコストを支払ってもなお有効な解となります。この観点からコンテナ仮想化のゲスト隔離が不十分な現在において、ハイパーバイザーの全否定は短絡的といわざるを得ません。<br />
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ベアメタルが実現した物理資源のSoftware-Defined Infrastructure化は、あらゆる抽象化粒度(IaaS、PaaS、SaaS)のクラウドに対して、より高度な性能(品質)管理実現に向かうきっかけを与えたと評価できると考えています。物理資源により近い階層での制御粒度の詳細化が進まなければ、より抽象度の高い階層での制御粒度をいくら詳細にしても組み合わせ最適化は進まない道理です。<br />
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クラウドにおけるサプライチェーン高度化を支えるハードウェア層の可視化を提供し、オンプレミスシステムと完全仮想化を利用したIaaSの間を埋める提供粒度を実現したベアメタルは、その存在自体が、ICT市場におけるクラウドのプレゼンス増大の反映とも言え、多様化し繁栄するクラウドエコシステムを体現する領域とも言えるでしょう。<br />
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最近はCloudHarmonyが運営する<a href="https://www.cloudharmony.com/benchmarks">CloudScore</a>において調査参加事業者のSPECintベンチマークなどの各社サービスの性能情報が公開されるようになりはじめているので、ベアメタルの性能を基準指標とした性能(品質)管理の高度化は早晩進むものと考えています。<br />
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2015年以降、クラウド市場の成長を含むICT市場の変化について考える上でベアメタル市場の動向は重要な位置を占めるようになるでしょう。</div>
Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-74068870226775546442014-12-15T18:54:00.001+09:002014-12-15T18:56:23.084+09:00世界のクラウド市場シェア推移2014Q3<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/08/2014q2.html">引き続き</a>Synergy Researchの<a href="https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front">リリース</a>を利用して2012Q1から2014Q3までのプロバイダー別クラウド(IaaS/PaaS)シェア推移をグラフ化してみました。今回からリリース掲載のグラフがYoY成長率(縦軸)とシェア(横軸)になっていますね。バブルの大きさは説明がありませんが売上高っぽいです。相変わらず傍若無人なリリースで読み手泣かせでした。ちなみにリリース文中には"over 10%"とか"up to 27%"といった表現が並んでいますが、これを10%、27%と省略して訳すとひどい目にあいます。気をつけましょう。今回は"now passed the $4 billion milestone, with trailing <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bb89729f-952c-4ec9-af09-dcb2d76f259c" id="05e51f29-0510-46ad-ab28-c9cedd4b26a9">twelve-month</gs> revenues exceeding $14.5 billion."という表現を手がかりにリリース掲載のグラフを素直に解釈して数字割り出しました。
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今回リリースから長らくSynergyにその他大勢扱いされていたRackSpaceが個別銘柄として抜擢されています。2013Q1時点では老舗のRackSpacsはFujitsu、NTT、AT&T、Verizonの後塵を拝していたので今回のノミネートが6位入賞を意味するなら2013Q2-2014Q3までの間に身売り検討を経てシェア上位サービス群が繰り広げる価格競争と距離を置いたManaged Serviceへの<a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikekavis/2014/07/30/rackspaces-pivot-is-a-sign-of-the-times-for-iaas-providers/">転進</a>を選択した結果は吉だった、という事なのかもしれません。</div>
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ただし、国内IaaS事業者各社(特にランキング下位)に釘を刺しておきたいのですがRackSpaceの云う<a href="http://www.rackspace.com/">Maneged Service</a>って国内で云うマネージドサービスとは質的に違うものですのでウチもこれでいいんだ、とは思わないでいただきたいものです。</div>
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もう一点、Salesforceのランキング下落が止まらないところに注目しています。2013Q3時点でMicrosoftに抜かれ、2013Q4にIBMに射程圏に捉えられ2014Q2に抜きされたところですが、成長率加味すると2014Q4-2015Q1あたりにgoogleにも抜かれる可能性が高くなってきている模様です。</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1tiP6R7Hzaw/VI6mgRbsdEI/AAAAAAAABSA/kxYZIY8E60Y/s1600/Synagy%2B2014Q3-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1tiP6R7Hzaw/VI6mgRbsdEI/AAAAAAAABSA/kxYZIY8E60Y/s1600/Synagy%2B2014Q3-2.png" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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今回もおまけとして2012Q2を基点とした指数グラフを作成してみました。相変わらずぶっちぎりの成長力を見せているMicrosoftは<a href="http://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/machine-learning/">ML投入</a>や<a href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/openness/default.aspx#home">OSSコミット強化</a>など次々に施策打ち出していて目が離せません。勝つまでやめないMS魂は健在の模様。続いて<a href="http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson/explorer.html">Watson投入</a>など、こちらもゲームルールチェンジを仕掛けつつ高い成長力を維持しているIBMからも目がはなせません。googleも<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.419999986886978px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><a href="http://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a>を発表し、さらに</span>IaaSのあり方を再定義する可能性を秘めた<a href="https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/?hl=ja">Google Container Engine</a>を投入して高成長を続けています。AWSは安定の市場平均成長率維持で巡航速度維持、高成長を続けるMicrosoft、IBM、google、AWSの割を食ってその他のシェアは2012Q2の60%から2014Q3には42%に低下している模様です。それでも9四半期で2倍に成長しているんですけどね。</div>
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話は逸れますがKubernetes開発にはDocker、IBM、Microsoft、RedHatも<a href="http://jp.techcrunch.com/2014/07/11/20140710google-microsoft-ibm-and-others-collaborate-to-make-managing-docker-containers-easier/">参加表明</a>し、Dockerベースのコンテナオーケストレーションの標準になりそうな気配。さらにDockerからも<a href="http://blog.docker.com/2014/12/docker-announces-docker-hub-enterprise/">Docker Hub Enterprise</a>が発表されて同時にMicrosoft、IBM、AWSからサービス提供のアナウンスがなされIaaSの標準的な抽象度は仮想マシンからDockerベースのコンテナにすんなり移行するかと思われたのもつかの間、CoreOSが<a href="https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/">Rocketを発表</a>してDockerに挑戦状を突きつける展開に。このあたりの動向も面白いですね。オンプレミスからオフプレミスへの移行や仮想マシンからコンテナへの移行、自動化や機械学習利用によるデザイン変化などが同時に起こっていて色々と目が離せません。てな話はまた別途。</div>
Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-40246825556576674242014-08-09T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-17T23:56:51.148+09:00世界のクラウド市場シェア推移2014Q2<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/05/2014q1.html">前回</a>に続いてSynergy Researchの7月28日付<a href="https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-and-ibm-chase-amazon-while-google-falls-pace">リリース</a>が出たので2012Q1から2014Q2までのプロバイダー別クラウドシェア推移をグラフにしてみました。相変わらず解読しにくい発表です。<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_TaYEt8tjCs/U_C9UdlNzPI/AAAAAAAABFc/CiBApJudGvk/s1600/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A22014Q2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_TaYEt8tjCs/U_C9UdlNzPI/AAAAAAAABFc/CiBApJudGvk/s1600/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A22014Q2.png" height="476" width="640" /></a></div>
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同社のリリースは、ついにMicrosoft、Salesforce、IBM、Googleの4社シェア合計がAWSを越えたと注目していますが2-5位が束にならないとかなわない1位って凄いものだと感心してしまいます。</div>
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参考まで、同社のリリースを解読して作成した各社の売上推移から2012Q2の売上を1として成長速度を指数として表してみました。<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MXgTBx2HOkQ/U_C-0n9OnmI/AAAAAAAABFo/mCP-_LDPSS0/s1600/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A22014Q2-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MXgTBx2HOkQ/U_C-0n9OnmI/AAAAAAAABFo/mCP-_LDPSS0/s1600/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A22014Q2-2.png" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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ちなみにSalesforceだけは2012Q3からしか数字が判明しなかったので2012Q3起点となっています。こうしてみるとAWSの成長速度はすなわちクラウド市場の成長速度となっていることがよくわかります。市場開拓者として先行者利益の貯金を取り崩すことなく巡航速度で成長しているようです。対して、MicrosoftとIBM、googleがキャッチアップするために猛烈な追い上げをかけているのが良くわかります。その他事業者の成長速度は一貫して上位事業者の成長速度を下回っていますね。この傾向が続くようだと、クラウド市場は英国鉄道史(日本もですが)や石油市場のセブンシスターズのような寡占市場に収斂していく可能性がありますね。</div>
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2013Q1時点で6、7位を占めた富士通とNTTの日本勢を除くと8位がAT&T、9位がVerizonと米国勢がずらりと上位に並んでいる状況を考えると、<a href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_seisaku/ictseisaku/cyberspace_rule/wcit-12.html">WCIT-12でITR改定</a>に署名した諸国はガバナンスの観点から危機感を募らせているかもしれませんが、そういう話はまた別途。<br />
<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-9099200059322168042014-07-26T09:00:00.001+09:002014-08-16T05:59:40.887+09:00世界のTablet市場シェア推移2014Q2気になったのでIDCの7月24日付け<a href="http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25008314">リリース</a>以下バックナンバー含めて拾って2011Q2から2014年Q2までのベンダー別Tabletシェア推移をグラフにしてみた。<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xncNb6FtJNw/U-5xwyS8ZWI/AAAAAAAABEs/l2gKQXsYrhY/s1600/Tablet%2BMaker%2Bshare%2B14Q2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xncNb6FtJNw/U-5xwyS8ZWI/AAAAAAAABEs/l2gKQXsYrhY/s1600/Tablet%2BMaker%2Bshare%2B14Q2.png" height="640" width="456" /></a></div>
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やはり市場成長が止まっているようには見えないね。ちなみに、<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/07/tablet.html">こちら</a>で紹介したSTRATEGY ANALYTICSの数字とIDCの数字を比較するとこんな感じ。かなり近い。</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oIaVUyEdZKQ/U-5zBiq41gI/AAAAAAAABE4/JtPqxTcFI1k/s1600/IDCvsSA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oIaVUyEdZKQ/U-5zBiq41gI/AAAAAAAABE4/JtPqxTcFI1k/s1600/IDCvsSA.png" height="385" width="640" /></a></div>
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なんとはなし、うれしい。(なんで?)</div>
<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-12468024934192489522014-07-26T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-16T05:32:19.903+09:00Tablet市場成長鈍化じゃないと思う。<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/07/pc2014q2.html">Q2のPC市場動向</a>を見ていて気になったTabletの件、STRATEGY ANALYTICSの<a href="http://www.strategyanalytics.com/default.aspx?mod=pressreleaseviewer&a0=5562">リリース</a>を3つ合成して2012Q4から2014Q2までの世界のTablet出荷台数OS別推移をグラフにしてみました。<br />
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Appleの出荷台数は減少してますがApple製品ってスマートフォン市場でも<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/02/2013q4.html">繰り返されて</a>いますが発売直後(前回は2013年10月23日)にドンと出て次の製品発表までずるずる減っていくパターンなので次の製品発表までQ3も減っていくんじゃないかと予想しています。なので、この段階でtabletが成長のピークアウトしたとはどうも考えにくいのではないかと。(というよりデータが少なすぎて予想のしようが無い)少なくとも前年同四半期比での成長は続いているので、PC市場が下げ止まってTablet市場(とスマートフォン市場)が成長というお財布につらい状況のようだなと。(地域別に見るともうちょっと事情が違いそうな気もしますが)</div>
Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-53311666497914780722014-07-15T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-15T21:05:23.579+09:00プロレス as a Service公式戦(第2弾):デベロッパー争奪戦勃発! 開発者をメロメロにするクラウドはどこだ?翔泳社主催のDevelopers Summit 2014 SummerにてAトラックのオオトリとなる座談会企画、<a href="http://event.shoeisha.jp/devsumi/20140731/session/474/">「プロレス as a Service公式戦(第2弾):デベロッパー争奪戦勃発! 開発者をメロメロにするクラウドはどこだ?」</a>にレフリーとして出演させていただきます。共演はNiftyから謎の転職を遂げたとうわさの久保田さん、IDCF大屋さん、MS平野さん、データホテル伊勢さん、さくらインターネット横田さん、GMOクラウド岩間さん、アイレット廣瀬さん、マイニングブラウニー得上さん、ハートビーツ馬場さん、Nifty五月女さん、さらに例によって会社に内緒で出演のミスターX氏と、ますます大変豪華な布陣です。ぜひご来場ください。Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-17522270916629540872014-07-12T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-16T04:33:28.324+09:00世界のPC市場シェア推移2014Q2<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/04/pc2014q1.html">前回</a>に続いてGatnerの7月9日付<a href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2793921">プレスリリース掲載数値</a>に基づいて2004Q1から2014Q2までのシェア推移をグラフ化してみました。<br />
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Q2の総出荷台数は75,763,726台だった模様。リリースは前年同四半期比で0.1%増と伝えていますが2013年7月10日の<a href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2544115">リリース</a>では2013Q2の数字を76,000,986台と伝えているんですよね。以前の発表数値だと0.3%減になります。まあ、誤差ですけど。リリースが指摘するとおり二年間続いた衰退のあとに訪れた平坦な四半期ではあります。こうなってくると、<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2013/04/2013.html">以前指摘</a>されたPC市場とタブレット・スマートフォン市場の受容置き換えが順調に進むのか、PCがここで踏ん張ってタブレット・スマートフォン市場が上に乗っかるのか(財源どこからひねり出すんだろう?)、シェア比がこの辺で均衡に達するのか気になるところです。タブレット・スマートフォンの数字もっと出してくれないかなぁ。</div>
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STRATEGY ANALYTICSが4月28日に<a href="http://www.strategyanalytics.com/default.aspx?mod=pressreleaseviewer&a0=5505">タブレット市場の成長鈍化</a>との調査結果を発表しているのも気になります。</div>
<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-88620715531277004302014-06-14T00:03:00.000+09:002014-08-18T00:06:20.246+09:00マルゼミ2014-2015 第一回 「IOTを考える」セッション3:「機械と人間 思考実験としてのSF」 未来を予測する最善の方法はそれを発明することだ、と言ったアラン・ケイは1972年に、こんなのあったら良いなぁとポンチ絵を描きました。ずいぶん時間がかかりましたが現在の子供たちはケイの描いたとおりのコンピューティング環境を手にしています。未来を発明するためには、まず未来を想像する必要があるのです。古今のSF作品をつまみに想像の翼を広げてみましょう。<br /><br />という煽りで、<br /><br />
マルゼミ第一回開催概要<br />
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日時:6月20日(金) 19:00〜20:00 (開場 18:30)<br />
場所:溜池山王 株式会社NTTドコモ 山王パークタワー<br />
入場無料・先着順<br /><br />にてお話させていただくことになりました。お申し込みは<a href="http://kokucheese.com/event/index/184387/">こちら</a>まで。マルゼミらしからぬSFヲタ前回のセッションとなる予定です。ご笑覧いただければ幸いです。Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-20235801043850438172014-05-03T21:48:00.000+09:002014-08-18T00:47:32.185+09:00世界のクラウド市場シェア推移2014Q1Synergy Researchの5月1日付<a href="https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-pulling-ahead-pack-chasing-amazon">リリース</a>以下バックナンバーを組み立てて2012Q1から2014Q1までのプロバイダー別クラウドシェア推移をグラフにしてみました。同社のリリースは四半期毎に発表の仕方が変わっていて時系列に追いかけるのがめんどくさいです。<br />
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ちなみに、Synergy ResearchのスコープはIaaS、PaaS、Private&Hybrid combinedとなっていて、2013年の市場規模は$10Bだったとしています。IDCは2013年のIaaS、PaaS、SaaSを合算したPublic Cloud Services市場を<a href="http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24977214">$47.4Bと推定</a>していて、IaaSとPaaSの分がちょうど$10B程度なのが個人的にうれしい感じです。(なんで)</div>
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Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-18359622393432070652014-05-01T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-15T21:18:34.288+09:00プロレス as a Service非公式戦:国内クラウドは世界の巨人と戦えるのか?「第5回クラウドコンピューティングEXPO 春」Nifty CloudブースにてDevelopers Summit 2014でオオトリを勤めた「プロレス as a Service」の非公式戦として、<a href="http://cloud.nifty.com/promo/expo2014/">「プロレス as a Service非公式戦:国内クラウドは世界の巨人と戦えるのか?」</a>を実施、再びレフリーとして出演させていただきます。共演はおなじみのNifty久保田さん、IDCF大屋さん、あくしゅ山崎さんに加え、IBM北瀬さん、AWS小島さんとパワーアップ。さらに例によって会社に内緒で出演のミスターX氏と、クラウドコンピューティングEXPO会場ならではの豪華な布陣です。会場で飛び入り参加もあるかもしれません。ぜひご来場ください。Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-24270298624521344152014-04-12T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-16T04:06:54.487+09:00世界のPC市場シェア推移2014Q1<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2014/01/pc2013q4.html">前回</a>に続いてGatnerの4月9日付<a href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2705117">プレスリリース掲載数値</a>に基づいて2004Q1から2014Q1までのシェア推移をグラフ化してみました。<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xPA2rIRjjKU/U-5YnxLoYBI/AAAAAAAABEE/HcDZ-NjLvWk/s1600/PC%2Bshare%2B14Q1-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xPA2rIRjjKU/U-5YnxLoYBI/AAAAAAAABEE/HcDZ-NjLvWk/s1600/PC%2Bshare%2B14Q1-1.png" height="640" width="478" /></a></div>
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Q1の総出荷台数は76,573,133台だった模様。前年同四半期比で1.7%減と減少幅が小幅になっています。リリースではXPサポート終了に伴う駆け込み消費で日本は前年比35%増だったと伝えられています。前年同四半期比の減少幅がこのまま小さくなって市場縮小が押しとどめられるのか、再び縮小幅が大きくなるのか(市場が反転して再度成長に向かうという大穴は狙えないなぁ)が次の四半期の見所になりそうです。</div>
<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-6167848362509368632014-03-14T12:00:00.000+09:002014-08-15T20:50:32.881+09:00経済産業省 企業のクラウドサービス利用に際しての最新事例に対応!「クラウドセキュリティガイドライン改訂版」と「活用ガイドブック」を作成しました筆者の一人として策定に関わった経済産業省の<a href="http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2013/03/20140314004/20140314004.html">「クラウドセキュリティガイドライン活用ガイドブック」</a>が正式公開されました。ご一読いただければ幸いです。Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1975384312478694968.post-63521193671540494422014-02-15T09:00:00.000+09:002014-08-16T01:04:40.373+09:00世界の携帯電話市場でのスマートフォン比率2013Q4<a href="http://www.atoll.jp/2013/11/2013q3.html">引き続き</a>Gartnerの携帯電話市場シェアに関する<a href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715">プレスリリース</a>に掲載されているOS別のスマートフォン出荷台数を2008のQ2から2013のQ4までグラフ化してみました。<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-58Zouu3uVMU/U-4rYh9H_5I/AAAAAAAABDI/GmIppX_zbsU/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-58Zouu3uVMU/U-4rYh9H_5I/AAAAAAAABDI/GmIppX_zbsU/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-1.png" height="640" width="532" /></a></div>
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携帯電話出荷台数に占めるスマートフォン比率のグラフ、Q3の段階でスマートフォンの出荷比率54.9%だったんですが順調に成長していますね。Q4は57.5%だった模様です。2013年通年のスマートフォン比率は53.6%に落着した模様。</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qDWQNtshu8M/U-4tG1_UidI/AAAAAAAABDU/Y2B8s6LFdjo/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qDWQNtshu8M/U-4tG1_UidI/AAAAAAAABDU/Y2B8s6LFdjo/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-2.png" height="270" width="640" /></a></div>
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オマケとしてメーカー別携帯電話(スマートフォン含む)出荷台数の時系列表も掲載。</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZM6LimSWA0/U-4tlAnRS7I/AAAAAAAABDc/x0CwCMoa7eg/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZM6LimSWA0/U-4tlAnRS7I/AAAAAAAABDc/x0CwCMoa7eg/s1600/SmartPhone%2Bshare%2B13Q4-3.png" height="210" width="640" /></a></div>
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さて、Appleは期待通りのギザギザを描くべく出荷台数急上昇中ですがNokiaは上にも下にも動かず。Samsungの成長が抑えられたのはApple新製品出荷時のお約束ですが今回、出荷台数が減るには至らなかった点、がんばったんじゃないでしょうか。これからも目が離せないですね。</div>
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<br />Daisuke Kawadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11568141744532554746noreply@blogger.com